{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:24:13Z","timestamp":1787243053627,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the influence of brief, repeated periods of clear vision on the changes in axial length and choroidal thickness in response to short\u2010term imposed defocus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The right eye of 16 young adults was exposed to 60\u00a0min episodes of continuous and interrupted defocus conditions (+3\u00a0DS and \u22123\u00a0DS) over five separate sessions, with the left eye optimally corrected for distance. For interrupted defocus, 2\u00a0min episodes of clear vision were imposed before each 15\u00a0min episode of myopic or hyperopic defocus (2\/15\u00a0min). For hyperopic defocus, the effect of frequency of clear vision exposure was also assessed by imposing 1\u00a0min of clear vision before each 7.5\u00a0min of defocus (1\/7.5\u00a0min). The right eye axial length and choroidal thickness were measured before, during and after each defocus condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After 60\u00a0min of continuous hyperopic defocus the eye elongated significantly by +9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09\u00a0\u03bcm (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.02). When exposed to interrupted (2\/15\u00a0min) hyperopic defocus, axial elongation was significantly reduced by 77% compared to continuous hyperopic defocus (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.03), with a final change of only +2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010\u00a0\u03bcm relative to baseline. During interrupted (1\/7.5\u00a0min) hyperopic defocus, axial elongation reduced slightly compared to continuous hyperopic defocus (+6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08\u00a0\u03bcm relative to baseline,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.12). For continuous myopic defocus, a reduction in axial length occurred but was not statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05). A similar pattern of response was observed for choroidal thickness changes with continuous and interrupted (1\/7.5\u00a0min) hyperopic defocus conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brief periods of clear vision can diminish axial elongation and choroidal thinning induced by hyperopic defocus exposure in human eyes. If hyperopic defocus contributes to myopia progression in humans, then interruption with brief periods of clear vision could reduce its myopiagenic effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T23:32:09Z","timestamp":1620689529000},"page":"932-940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effects of brief periods of clear vision on the defocus\u2010mediated changes in axial length and choroidal thickness of human eyes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1465-0624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samaneh","family":"Delshad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision and Eye Research School of Optometry and Vision Science Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5226-5498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision and Eye Research School of Optometry and Vision Science Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1595-673X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott A","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision and Eye Research School of Optometry and Vision Science Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5998-1320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen J","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision and Eye Research School of Optometry and Vision Science Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1992.tb00315.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0895-761"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00189-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00229-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00250-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00233-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)E0049-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"178","article-title":"Experimental myopia in tree shrews","volume":"155","author":"Norton TT","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ciba Found Symp"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00300-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0956"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65151-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243076","article-title":"The human axial length and choroidal thickness responses to continuous and alternating episodes of myopic and hyperopic blur","volume":"5","author":"Delshad S","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5457"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12218"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24815"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161535"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OPX.0000159363.07082.7D"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00238-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"332","article-title":"Nearwork in early\u2010onset myopia","volume":"43","author":"Saw SM","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199102000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"690","article-title":"Myopic children show insufficient accommodative response to blur","volume":"34","author":"Gwiazda J","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2003.00166.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31827cda85"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1369"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0743"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00191-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199905000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-1833"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7364"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2013.850099"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","first-page":"708","article-title":"Measurement of choroidal thickness following caffeine intake in healthy subjects","volume":"41","author":"Altinkaynak H","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.159884"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2012.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1086"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181e87dd3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.152736"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.156554"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3652713"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6980.633"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12062"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00226-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","first-page":"291","article-title":"Effects of brief periods of unrestricted vision on the development of form\u2010deprivation myopia in monkeys","volume":"43","author":"Smith EL","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(96)00269-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0606"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","first-page":"615","article-title":"Refractive error in children in a rural population in India","volume":"43","author":"Dandona R","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.47102\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V33N1p27","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia in Taiwanese schoolchildren: 1983 to 2000","volume":"33","author":"Lin LL","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1081"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12299"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510410035029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017924"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","first-page":"3633","article-title":"Parental myopia, near work, school achievement, and children's refractive error","volume":"43","author":"Mutti DO","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01220-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","first-page":"193","volume-title":"Myopia and Nearwork","author":"Rosenfield M","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1999.00414.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12365"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12833","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/opo.12833","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12833","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:26:12Z","timestamp":1767785172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.12833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.12833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.12833","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-12-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}