{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:28:51Z","timestamp":1767796131856,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10\u2010399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10\u2010399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD069622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD069622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mild to moderate vision loss affects many children and can negatively impact a child's early literacy and academic achievement. Nevertheless, there is no consensus on which factors present in early childhood indicate the need for long\u2010term ophthalmic follow up, particularly in children with a history of perinatal adversity. This study identified the relationship between visual, cognitive, motor and demographic factors at 2\u00a0years of age and visual acuity (VA) and stereoacuity at 4.5\u00a0years of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five hundred sixteen children identified as being at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia were recruited soon after birth. At 2\u00a0years of age, binocular VA, stereoacuity and non\u2010cycloplegic refraction were measured and a clinical neuro\u2010developmental assessment with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III (BSID\u2010III) was conducted by a trained examiner. Monocular VA and stereoacuity were measured at 4.5\u00a0years of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three hundred twenty\u2010eight children completed both the 2 and 4.5\u00a0year vision and neurodevelopmental assessments. Multiple linear regression showed oblique astigmatism and motor function at 2\u00a0years were significantly associated with VA at 4.5\u00a0years of age, while spherical equivalent refraction, motor scores and stereoacuity at 2\u00a0years were significantly associated with stereoacuity at 4.5\u00a0years of age. BSID\u2010III motor scores had the best sensitivity (81.8%) and specificity (51.5%) for identifying impaired stereoacuity at 4.5\u00a0years. However, all measures at 2 years were poorly associated with VA at 4.5\u00a0years old.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vision and neurodevelopmental measures at 2\u00a0years were poorly associated with visual function at 4.5\u00a0years of age. However, lower scores on tests of motor function at 2\u00a0years may be associated with vision abnormalities, particularly reduced stereopsis, at 4.5\u00a0years of age and referral for comprehensive vision assessment for these children may be warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T04:16:07Z","timestamp":1636344967000},"page":"195-204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Relationship between visual and neurodevelopmental measures at 2 years with visual acuity and stereopsis at 4.5 years in children born at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Nabin","family":"Paudel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research, Ireland Technological University Dublin Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision 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