{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:29:20Z","timestamp":1767796160099,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012909","name":"College of Optometrists","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012909","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n Blur is one of the most commonly reported visual symptoms of glaucoma, but it is not directly measured by current clinical tests. We aimed to investigate the effects of glaucoma on detection and discrimination of image blur.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Participants were people with glaucoma, separated into two groups with (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a015) or without (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a017) central visual field defects measured by 10\u20132 perimetry, and an age\u2010similar control group (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a018). First, we measured contrast detection thresholds centrally using a 2\u2010interval forced choice procedure. We then measured blur detection and discrimination thresholds for the same stimuli (reference blurs 0, 1 arcmin) using a 2\u2010alternative forced choice procedure under two contrast conditions: 4\u00d7 individual detection threshold for the low contrast condition; 95% contrast for the high contrast condition. The stimulus was a horizontal edge bisecting a hard\u2010edged circle of 4.5\u00b0 diameter. Data were analysed by linear mixed modelling.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Contrast detection thresholds for the glaucoma group with central visual field defects were raised by 0.01\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.004 (mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0SE, Michelson units) (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.002) and by 0.01\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.004 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.03) relative to control and glaucoma without central visual field defect groups, respectively. Blur detection and discrimination thresholds were similar between groups, with small elevations in blur detection thresholds in the glaucoma groups not reaching statistical significance (detection\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.29, discrimination\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.91). The lower contrast level increased thresholds from the higher contrast level by 1.30\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.10\u00a0arcmin (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.001) and 1.05\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.10\u00a0arcmin (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.001) for blur detection and discrimination thresholds, respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Early\u2010moderate glaucoma resulted in only minimal elevations of blur detection thresholds that did not reach statistical significance in this study. Despite the prevalence of blur as a visual symptom of glaucoma, psychophysical measurements of blur detection or discrimination may not be good candidates for development as clinical tests for glaucoma.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T06:16:20Z","timestamp":1643004980000},"page":"471-481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of glaucoma on detection and discrimination of image blur"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Habiba A","family":"Bham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Bradford Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2760-9054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Denniss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Bradford Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0000000000000319"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p3254"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Perception of motion using blur pattern information in the moderate and high\u2010velocity domains of vision","volume":"48","author":"Harrington TL","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12954"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-005-4348-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12672"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1986.01050160069013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318264cc77"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2517"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-1072"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.8.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0752"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13229"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1225"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Elevated vernier acuity thresholds in glaucoma","volume":"43","author":"McKendrick AM","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3332"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25150"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5718"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2005.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.4.001524"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Perimetry update","author":"Fellman RL","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.6.000329"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1993.01090060119035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00366"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","unstructured":"KleinerM BrainardD&PelliD.What's new in Psychtoolbox\u20103? Perception 36 ECVP Abstract Supplement.2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","unstructured":"LenthR.emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means aka Least\u2010Squares Means. R package version 1.4.8.2020.https:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=emmeans"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00200-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(87)90134-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/11.5.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(83)90158-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.18.001231"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.10.001656"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2041669518765850"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12947","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/opo.12947","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12947","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:26:38Z","timestamp":1767785198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.12947"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.12947"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.12947","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-09-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-01-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}