{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T01:08:24Z","timestamp":1780967304983,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To establish whether axial growth and refractive error can be modulated in hyperopic children by imposing relative peripheral hyperopic defocus using multifocal soft contact lenses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective controlled study with hyperopic participants allocated to a control or test group. Control group participants were corrected with single vision spectacles and changes to axial length and refractive error were followed for 3\u00a0years. For the test group, axial growth and post\u2010cycloplegic refractive error were observed with participants wearing single vision spectacles for the first 6\u00a0months of the trial and then corrected with centre\u2010near multifocal soft contact lenses with a 2.00 D add for 2\u00a0years. The central \u2018near\u2019 portion of the contact lens corrected distance refractive error while the \u2018distance\u2019 portion imposed hyperopic defocus. Participants reverted to single vision spectacles for the final 6\u00a0months of the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty\u2010two participants, mean age 11.13\u00a0years (SD 1.72) (range 8.33\u201313.92), completed the trial. Axial length did not change during the first 6\u00a0months in either group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01.00). Axial growth across the 2\u2010year intervention period was 0.17\u00a0mm (SEM 0.04) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0005) in the test group\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.06\u00a0mm (SEM 0.07) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.68) in the control group. Axial length was invariant during the final 6\u00a0months in either group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01.00). Refractive error was stable during the first 6\u00a0months in both groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01.00). Refractive error change across the 2\u2010year intervention period was \u22120.26 D (SEM 0.14) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.38) in the test group versus \u22120.01 D (SEM 0.09) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01.00) in the control group. Neither the test (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01.00) nor control (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.63) group demonstrated a change in refractive error during the final 6\u00a0months.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rate of axial growth can be accelerated in children with hyperopia using centre\u2010near multifocal soft contact lenses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T03:49:27Z","timestamp":1645415367000},"page":"534-544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The effect of peripheral defocus on axial growth and 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