{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:19:33Z","timestamp":1790090373360,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The World Health Organization is developing a Package of Eye Care Interventions (PECI) to support the integration of eye health care into national health programmes. Interventions included in the PECI should be based on robust evidence where available. Refractive error is a leading cause of blindness and vision impairment and is a PECI priority condition. The aim of this study was to provide high\u2010quality evidence to support the development of the PECI by identifying and critically appraising clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), and extracting recommendations for refractive error interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched for CPGs on refractive error published in the last 10\u00a0years. We conducted the searches initially in February and March 2019 and repeated them in March 2020. We evaluated the quality of potentially relevant guidelines using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 12\u00a0high\u2010quality CPGs relevant to refractive error, written by six organisations from three high\u2010income countries. Organisations used a variety of frameworks to assess the strength of recommendations based on available evidence, with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) being most common. Vision screening for children aged 3 to 5\u00a0years was recommended consistently. Evidence for screening and eye evaluations at other ages was weaker, although ophthalmic professional organisations consistently recommended regular evaluations. Recommendations on optical and laser correction of refractive error were limited and did not consider implications for low resource settings. Interventions for slowing myopia progression in children were recommended, but these will need regular updating as new evidence emerges.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current high\u2010quality guidelines on refractive error have been formulated in high\u2010income countries. Recommendations focused on prevention and treatment of refractive error in low\u2010and middle\u2010income countries are lacking. Regular updating of systematic reviews and CPGs is essential to ensure that robust evidence is promptly appraised and incorporated into recommendations for eye health care practitioners.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T02:59:15Z","timestamp":1645498755000},"page":"526-533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Identification and critical appraisal of evidence for interventions for refractive error to support the development of the WHO package of eye care interventions: a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6137-2030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer R","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health Queen\u2019s University  Belfast UK"},{"name":"International Centre for Eye Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2031-6390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John G","family":"Lawrenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Optometry and Vision Science City, University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5764-1306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Ramke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Eye Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"},{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianni","family":"Virgili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health Queen\u2019s University  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health Queen\u2019s University  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Lingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science Lions Eye Institute University of Western Australia  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumrana","family":"Yasmin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sightsavers  Chippenham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4319-1025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart","family":"Keel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Noncommunicable Diseases World Health Organization  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"United Nations.Sustainable development goals.2015;www.un.org\/sustainabledevelopment\/development\u2010agendaAccessed 3 Nov 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"World report on vision","author":"WHO","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2020-000533"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30488-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.10.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"AGREE Next Steps Consortium.The AGREE II Instrument [Electronic version].2017. Available from:https:\/\/www.agreetrust.org\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/AGREE\u2010II\u2010Users\u2010Manual\u2010and\u201023\u2010item\u2010Instrument\u20102009\u2010Update\u20102017.pdf. Accessed 15 February 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on standards for developing trustworthy clinical practice guidelines. Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust. 2011; Available from:https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK209539\/doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/13058. 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Available from:https:\/\/www.aao.org\/preferred\u2010practice\u2010pattern\/pediatric\u2010eye\u2010evaluations\u2010ppp\u20102017. Accessed 15 February 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"NICE.Corneal inlay implantation for correction of presbyopia.2013. Available from:https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ipg455\/resources\/corneal\u2010inlay\u2010implantation\u2010for\u2010correction\u2010of\u2010presbyopia\u2010pdf\u20101899869812156357. Accessed 15 February 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","unstructured":"NICE.Intraocular lens insertion for correction of refractive error with preservation of the natural lens.2009. Available from:https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ipg289. Accessed 15 February 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","unstructured":"NICE.Laser correction of refractive error following non\u2010refractive ophthalmic surgery.2011. Available from:https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ipg385\/documents\/laser\u2010correction\u2010of\u2010refractive\u2010error\u2010following\u2010nonrefractive\u2010ophthalmic\u2010surgery\u2010consultation\u2010document. Accessed 15 February 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"American Academy of Ophthalmology.Refractive errors & refractive surgery preferred practice pattern.2017. Available from:https:\/\/www.aao.org\/preferred\u2010practice\u2010pattern\/refractive\u2010errors\u2010refractive\u2010surgery\u2010ppp\u20102017. 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