{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:17:55Z","timestamp":1787015875123,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY024590"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY024590"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006928","name":"Ohio State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007144","name":"University of Houston","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007144","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relationship between ciliary muscle thickness (CMT), age and refractive error was investigated to determine if CMT, like other anterior ocular anatomy, differs in adults with Down syndrome (DS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CMT of 33 adults with DS was imaged using anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Images from the right eye obtained 45\u00a0minutes after cycloplegia (1% tropicamide, 2.5% phenylephrine) were analysed to calculate thickness at 1, 2 and 3\u00a0mm posterior to the scleral spur (CMT1, CMT2, CMT3), maximum thickness (CMTMAX) and apical thickness (AT\u00a0=\u00a0CMT1 \u2013 CMT2). Spherical equivalent refractive error was determined by clinical refraction using both non\u2010dilated and dilated measures. Multivariate regression analysis evaluated the relationship between CMT and refractive error while controlling for subject age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Images were analysed from 26 subjects (mean age (SD) 29 years; mean refractive error (SD): \u22120.90 (5.03) D, range: \u221215.75 to +5.13D). Mean (SD) CMT decreased with posterior position (CMT1: 804 (83) \u03bcm; CMT2: 543 (131) \u03bcm; CMT3: 312 (100) \u03bcm). Mean (SD) CMTMAX and AT was 869 (57) \u03bcm and 260 (84) \u03bcm, respectively. There was a significant linear correlation indicating thinning CMT with increasing age for CMT1 and CMT2 (p\u00a0\u22640.05). CMT2 and CMT3 had a significant negative correlation (thicker muscle with increasing myopic refractive error) (p\u00a0\u22640.01). AT had a significant positive correlation (thicker muscle with increasing hyperopic refractive error) (p\u00a0&lt;0.01).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ciliary muscle thickness in participants with DS was found to be in a similar range with similar refractive error trends to previous reports of individuals without DS. However, it is important to note that the refractive error trends were driven by individuals with moderate to high levels of myopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T03:57:09Z","timestamp":1647403029000},"page":"897-903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Ciliary muscle thickness in adults with Down syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5172-5664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather A.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa D.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth E.","family":"Manny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry The University of Houston  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiu\u2010Yen","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences Claremont McKenna College  California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"2382","article-title":"Reduced Accommodation in Children with Down Syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Woodhouse JM","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Accommodation and Refractive Error in Children with Down Syndrome: Cross\u2010Sectional and Longitudinal Studies","volume":"42","author":"Cregg 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