{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T11:12:47Z","timestamp":1775041967803,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although studies have suggested that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) outbreak increased myopia progression, they had different settings and analysis methods. This study compared myopia progression before and during the COVID\u201019 outbreak using meta\u2010analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Relevant literature was searched on EMBASE, PubMed, ClinEpiDB and Web of Science and reviewed until 8 October 2021. The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the quality of the original studies. The mean difference of change in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) was used for evaluation before and during the COVID\u201019 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The meta\u2010analysis included eight studies with 773,\u00a0797 individuals aged 5\u201318\u00a0years. Pooled analysis indicated that the mean difference of annual myopia progression during the pandemic was 0.41 D higher (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.35\u20130.48,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) than before the pandemic. Subgroup analysis using cycloplegic (mean difference, 0.30 D; 95% CI, 0.22\u20130.38;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) or noncycloplegic refraction (mean difference, 0.60 D; 95% CI, 0.27\u20130.93;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) indicated that the mean difference of annual myopia progression during COVID\u201019 significantly increased in both refractive measurements.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings demonstrated that the COVID\u201019 pandemic accelerated myopic progression compared to the past. Government policies are urgently required to prevent and control myopia progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T04:22:23Z","timestamp":1647922943000},"page":"744-752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak and associated public health measures increase the progression of myopia among children and adolescents: Evidence synthesis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5519-686X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akarapon","family":"Watcharapalakorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Optometry Ramkhamhaeng University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3832-7258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teera","family":"Poyomtip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Optometry Ramkhamhaeng University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5181-8767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patarakorn","family":"Tawonkasiwattanakun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Optometry Ramkhamhaeng University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70113-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4395278"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm\u201020\u20108069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5155(00)00305-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2004211"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1443_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"1542","article-title":"Objectively measured near work, outdoor exposure and myopia in children","volume":"104","author":"Wen L","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314675"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140419"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Student health implications of school closures during the COVID\u201019 pandemic: new evidence on the association of e\u2010learning, outdoor exercise, and myopia","volume":"9","author":"Liu J","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.662984"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147601"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"WellsGA SheaB O'ConnellD PetersonJ WelchV LososM. 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