{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T21:25:23Z","timestamp":1787779523959,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013365","name":"West China Hospital, Sichuan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013365","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multi\u2010level model was used to analyse factors, including environmental factors, affecting the controlling effect of orthokeratology on myopia progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 2\u2010year prospective study was conducted in the West China Hospital, Sichuan University. Age, sex, height, baseline spherical equivalent refraction, choroidal thickness, axial length and other biometric ocular parameters were collected. Additionally, data on the following environmental factors were obtained: near\u2010work distance and time, sleep time and time spent outdoors. After the baseline measurements, participants were followed up every 3\u00a0months for 2\u00a0years of lens wear. The primary outcome measure was axial length elongation over 2\u00a0years of orthokeratology. All variables were included in a univariate, three\u2010level analysis model with inclusion in the final multivariate multi\u2010level model if statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty\u2010three participants (average age 9.73\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.55\u00a0years) were included in this study. During the 2\u2010year period of lens wearing, binocular changes in axial length increased significantly from the ninth month and continued until the end of the follow\u2010up. Changes in axial length after 2\u00a0years of lens wearing were 0.44\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.30\u00a0mm and 0.37\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.26\u00a0mm in the right and left eyes, respectively (both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Based on the 2\u2010year multi\u2010level model, age, sex, baseline spherical equivalent refraction, flatter keratometry meridian and near\u2010work time influence the effect of orthokeratology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first study to use a multi\u2010level model to analyse factors, including environmental factors, that affect myopia control using orthokeratology. These results showed that younger age, being female, having lower myopia at baseline, a steeper flattest keratometry meridian and no more than 5\u00a0h of near work per day were associated with better myopia control effect using orthokeratology over a 2\u2010year treatment period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T06:21:13Z","timestamp":1651472473000},"page":"786-796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Factors determining the myopia control effect of an orthokeratology lens: A two\u2010year multi\u2010level model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Xiaohang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China School of Medicine Sichuan University  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Optometry and Vision Sciences, West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical University  Nanchong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianglan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China School of Medicine Sichuan University  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Optometry and Vision Sciences, West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China School of Medicine Sichuan University  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Optometry and Vision Sciences, West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longqian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China School of Medicine Sichuan University  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Optometry and Vision Sciences, West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25958"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17116\/oftalma2017133149-54"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5485"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31826c1831"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.5.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19093"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3554-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140419"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12776"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966\u2010017\u20100562\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2020.02.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.06.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5896016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.14.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8383"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2003.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2530044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.61.6.941"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"Multilevel analysis in health services research: a tutorial","volume":"39","author":"Hofoss D","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanita"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14658"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12305"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10565"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886\u2010016\u20100302\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8453"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04290-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318293657d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175913"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2015.1009634"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2006.00044.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","first-page":"1217","article-title":"Factors determining effective orthokeratology treatment for controlling juvenile myopia progression","volume":"46","author":"Kong Q","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth\u20102018\u2010000204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000183"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11732"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000894"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2016.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OPX.0000159363.07082.7D"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.5.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201074348\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15474"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12990","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/opo.12990","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12990","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:26:45Z","timestamp":1767785205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.12990"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.12990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.12990","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-09-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}