{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T17:39:00Z","timestamp":1785865140234,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Considering that a certain proportion of high myopes have reduced visual acuity even after full optical correction, this study aimed to investigate the association between various refractive error components (sphere, cylinder and axis orientation) and reduced visual acuity in individuals with low to high myopia with and without pathologic myopia lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed data from randomly selected eyes of 11,258 individuals with myopia (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD spherical equivalent (SE) \u22123.2\u00a0\u00b1\u20092.9D; range: \u22120.5D to \u221221.5D). In total, 10,528 individuals had no pathologic myopia lesions. Sphere, cylinder and SE refraction were classified into mild, moderate and high categories. Astigmatism was defined as with\u2010the\u2010rule, against\u2010the\u2010rule or oblique based on the axis orientation. Reduced best\u2010corrected visual acuity was defined as \u22650.18 logMAR. Logistic regression was performed to test factors associated with reduced visual acuity with and without pathologic myopia lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 6.4% (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009720\/11,258) of myopes had reduced best\u2010corrected visual acuity. High sphere (\u2264\u22126.0D; Odd ratios [OR]: 16.1; 95% CI: 2.1\u2013126.5), high cylinder (&lt;\u22122.0\u00a0DC; OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.8\u20133.4), against\u2010the\u2010rule (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1\u20132.0) and oblique astigmatism (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2\u20132.1) were significantly (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\u2264\u20090.008) associated with reduced visual acuity in the absence of pathologic myopia lesions. Both moderate SE and high myopic SE were also associated with reduced visual acuity. In the presence of pathologic myopia lesions, tessellated fundus (OR: 6.9; 95% CI: 3.5\u201314.1), chorioretinal atrophy (OR: 7.7; 95% CI: 2.6\u201319.9) and choroidal neovascularisation (OR: 37.4; 95% CI: 3.3\u2013419.3) were significantly (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\u2264\u20090.003) associated with reduced visual acuity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Even after full optical correction, both refractive components and pathologic myopia lesions can independently cause reduced visual acuity, regardless of the degree of myopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  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