{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:31:13Z","timestamp":1774690273193,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ultra\u2010Orthodox Jewish men are known to have a high prevalence of myopia, which may be due to intense near\u2010work from an early age. This study objectively assessed near\u2010viewing behaviours in ultra\u2010Orthodox and non\u2010ultra\u2010Orthodox men in Israel for different tasks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ultra\u2010Orthodox (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u200930) and non\u2010ultra\u2010Orthodox (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u200938) men aged 18\u201333\u2009years participated. Autorefraction, visual acuity, height and Harmon distance were measured. An objective range\u2010finding sensor was mounted on their spectacles while they performed four 10\u2010min tasks in a randomised order: (1) reading printed material, (2) writing printed material, (3) passive electronic and (4) active electronic tasks. Near\u2010viewing distance and the number of viewing breaks were calculated for each task. Statistical analyses included Student t\u2010tests and the Mann\u2013Whitney test between groups and repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman between tasks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For all tasks combined, a significantly shorter viewing distance was observed for the ultra\u2010Orthodox group (36.2\u00a0\u00b1\u20097.0\u00a0cm) than for the non\u2010ultra\u2010Orthodox group (39.6\u00a0\u00b1\u20096.7 cm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.05). Viewing distances for the passive reading and electronic tasks were shorter for the ultra\u2010Orthodox group (36.9\u00a0\u00b1\u20097.7\u00a0cm vs. 41.3\u00a0\u00b1\u20098.1\u00a0cm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.03 and 39.0\u00a0\u00b1\u200910.1 vs. 43.9\u00a0\u00b1\u20099.3,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.05, respectively). Viewing distances were significantly different between all four tasks, with writing having the closest distance. No correlation was found between working distance and spherical equivalent or Harmon distance. However, a significant correlation was found in the ultra\u2010Orthodox group between working distance and height for each task (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.04,\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.42 for all). There was no difference in the number of viewing breaks between the groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When reading a book and viewing an iPad, ultra\u2010Orthodox men demonstrated a closer objective working distance than non\u2010ultra\u2010Orthodox men. This shorter viewing distance may contribute to the high prevalence and degree of myopia in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T03:40:03Z","timestamp":1674186003000},"page":"337-346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Objective quantification of viewing behaviours during printed and electronic tasks in emmetropic and myopic ultra\u2010Orthodox Jewish men"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-4773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravid","family":"Doron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry Hadassah Academic College Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1946-832X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariela","family":"Gordon\u2010Shaag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry Hadassah Academic College Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7842-5071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Einat","family":"Shneor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry Hadassah Academic College Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayelet","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Hadassah Academic College Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8675-1478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Ostrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry University of Houston Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19930901-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.47102\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V33N1p27","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia in Taiwanese schoolchildren: 1983 to 2000","volume":"33","author":"Lin LL","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.303"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9071.2001.00389.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90416-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01260-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"3021","article-title":"Refractive associations with cataract: the Blue Mountains eye study","volume":"40","author":"Lim R","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"1449","article-title":"Refractive errors and incident cataracts: the Beaver Dam eye study","volume":"42","author":"Wong TY","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199212010-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0599-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2010.01592.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.5.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.1415"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2004.tb03171.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001755"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ShifferV.The Haredi Educational in Israel: Allocation Regularion and Control. 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