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Peripheral blur orientation is determined by the interaction of optical aberrations (such as oblique astigmatism) and retinal shape. By providing the eye with an optical signal for determining the sign of defocus, peripheral blur anisotropy may play a role in mechanisms of accommodation, emmetropisation and optical myopia control interventions. This study investigated peripheral through\u2010focus optical anisotropy and image quality and how it varies with the eye's refractive error.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previously published Zernike coefficients across retinal eccentricity (0, 10, 20 and 30\u00b0 horizontal nasal visual field) were used to compute the through\u2010focus modulation transfer function (MTF) for a 4\u2009mm pupil. Image quality was defined as the volume under the MTF, and blur anisotropy was defined as the ratio of the horizontal to vertical meridians of the MTF (HVRatio).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across the horizontal nasal visual field (at 10, 20 and 30\u00b0), the peak image quality for emmetropes was within 0.3\u00a0D of the retina, as opposed to myopes whose best focus was behind the retina (\u22120.1, 0.4 and 1.5\u00a0D, respectively), while for hyperopes it lay in front of the retina (\u22120.5, \u22120.6 and \u22120.6\u00a0D). At 0.0\u00a0D (i.e., on the retina), emmetropes and hyperopes both exhibited horizontally elongated blur, whereas myopes had vertically elongated blur (HVRatio\u00a0=\u00a00.3, 0.7 and 2.8, respectively, at 30\u00b0 eccentricity).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blur in the peripheral retina is dominated by the so\u2010called \u201codd\u2010error\u201d blur signals, primarily due to oblique astigmatism. The orientation of peripheral blur (horizontal or vertical) provides the eye with an optical cue for the sign of defocus. All subject groups had anisotropic blur in the nasal visual field; myopes exhibited vertically elongated blur, perpendicular to the blur orientation of emmetropes and hyperopes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T01:25:05Z","timestamp":1675819505000},"page":"435-444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Peripheral optical anisotropy in refractive error groups"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9384-4012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Len","family":"Zheleznyak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clerio Vision, Inc.  Rochester New York 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