{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T03:22:45Z","timestamp":1780370565253,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the relative efficacy of peripheral defocus contact lenses (PDCLs) and orthokeratology (OK) in a real\u2010world clinical population, and compare these results with previous randomised controlled clinical trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Records from a university practice were reviewed to identify children who were treated with OK or PDCLs. The analysed sample contained 273 visits from 77 patients. Annualised rates of axial length (AL) progression were calculated and used as the response variable in both linear mixed\u2010effects (LME) and nonlinear regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      On average, children were 10.7\u2009years of age at baseline (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.14 between treatments), and most patients were female. More Asian children wore OK lenses compared with PDCLs (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). At baseline, children had ~3.00\u2009D of myopia and 0.75\u2009D of astigmatism in both treatment groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.20 between treatments). LME regression models using only baseline covariates showed no evidence that the annualised change in AL differed between treatments, with or without the inclusion of age, race, sex, baseline AL or spherical equivalent refractive error. Across all possible subsets of models, age at baseline was the best predictor of annualised AL change. There was no statistical difference between parameters of an exponential decay model fitted within treatment using follow\u2010up age as a time\u2010varying predictor, indicating that the rate of annualised change in AL was similar for OK and PDCL.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective analysis of real\u2010world clinical data found no difference in annualised AL growth between PDCL and OK. Importantly, the AL progression from this clinical setting is consistent with that reported in randomised clinical trials. Therefore, continued research of real\u2010world performance is warranted to understand the safety and efficacy of modern myopia control treatments in the broader population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T08:12:44Z","timestamp":1678867964000},"page":"534-543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Retrospective review of the effectiveness of orthokeratology versus soft peripheral defocus contact lenses for myopia management in an academic setting"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Kelsea V.","family":"Skidmore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin S.","family":"Tomiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Southern California College of Optometry Marshall B. Ketchum University  Fullerton California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin E.","family":"Rickert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Optometry  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Richdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9568-2064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pete","family":"Kollbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Optometry  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"The global initiative for the elimination of avoidable blindness","volume":"11","author":"Pararajasegaram R","year":"1998","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"2158","article-title":"Prevalence of visual impairment in the United States","volume":"295","author":"Vitale S","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001367"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311266"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001410"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"571","article-title":"Effect of high add power, medium add power, or single\u2010vision contact lenses on myopia progression in children","volume":"324","author":"Walline JJ","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10565"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680590907256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-303914"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12903"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.406101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25958"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12332"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Use of real\u2010world evidence to support regulatory decision\u2010making for medical devices. FDA guidance;2017:1\u201324. [cited 2022 Apr 18] Available from:http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/BiologicsBloodVaccines\/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation\/Guida"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e318258e694"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e318157e82a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25955"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","unstructured":"World Council of Optometry.World Council of Optometry Resolution: the standard of care for myopia management by Optometrists. [cited 2022 Jun 20]. 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