{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:17:19Z","timestamp":1767795439871,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To re\u2010examine the changes with time in the underlying patterns of individual refraction at different ages, which have led to an increased prevalence of myopia in a population of Asian children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using published cross\u2010sectional longitudinal data, the frequency distributions of spherical equivalent refractive error (SE) in yearly cohorts of 6\u2010 and 12\u2010year\u2010old Japanese children during the period 1984\u20131996 were modelled in terms of ex\u2010 and bi\u2010Gaussian distributions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both models suggested that over the period of the study, little change occurred in the SE frequency distributions for 6\u2010year\u2010olds, with most children having SEs near emmetropia. In contrast, in each annual cohort of 12\u2010year\u2010olds, although the SE of some children remained near\u2010emmetropic, a sub\u2010set failed to maintain emmetropia. Most of this group became more myopic between 6 and 12\u2009years of age. The proportion of children showing myopic progression increased over the period of study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The observed increase in mean levels of myopia in older Japanese children in the late 20th century is due to a greater proportion of children failing to maintain emmetropisation between the ages of 6 and 12, rather than to myopic shifts in all children. Some children, with small SE changes between 6 and 12\u2009years of age, would not have benefitted from any treatment intended to slow myopia progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T03:40:26Z","timestamp":1679974826000},"page":"798-804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modelling changes in the prevalence of childhood myopia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8304-5073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sotiris","family":"Plainis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Optics and Vision (LOV), School of Medicine University of Crete Heraklion Greece"},{"name":"Optometry &amp; Vision Science Research Group Aston University School of Life and Health Sciences Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Ktistakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Optics and Vision (LOV), School of Medicine University of Crete Heraklion Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Sapountzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Optics and Vision (LOV), School of Medicine University of Crete Heraklion Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. Neil","family":"Charman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.9.1031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.04.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001367"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25958"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12676"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100923"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000207"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25221"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.47102\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V33N1p27","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia in Taiwanese school children: 1983 to 2000","volume":"33","author":"Lin LL","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12214"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(99)00094-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.276"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101451"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411408885"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.3.446"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.04.1.p035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12254"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37636"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00886.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000254042.24803.1f"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12686"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.0471"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314752"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001883"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.13131","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:23:46Z","timestamp":1767785026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.13131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.13131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.13131","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}