{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:51:27Z","timestamp":1785419487666,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We have previously demonstrated the upper limit of complete spatial summation (Ricco's area) to increase in non\u2010pathological axial myopia compared to non\u2010myopic controls. This study sought to investigate whether temporal summation is also altered in axial myopia to determine if this aspect of visual function, like in glaucoma, is influenced by reductions in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) density.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Achromatic contrast thresholds were measured for a GIII\u2010equivalent stimulus (0.43\u00b0 diameter) of six different stimulus durations (1\u201324 frames, 1.1\u2013187.8\u2009ms) in 24 participants with axial myopia (mean spherical refractive error: \u22124.65D, range: \u22121.00D to \u221211.25D, mean age: 34.1, range: 21\u201357\u2009years) and 21 age\u2010similar non\u2010myopic controls (mean spherical refractive error: +0.87D, range: \u22120.25D to +2.00D, mean age: 31.0, range: 18\u201355\u2009years). Measurements were performed at 10\u00b0 eccentricity along the 90\u00b0, 180\u00b0, 270\u00b0 and 360\u00b0 meridians on an achromatic 10\u2009cd\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      background. The upper limit of complete temporal summation (critical duration, CD) was estimated from the data with iterative two\u2010phase regression analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was no significant difference (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.90, Mann\u2013Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test) in median CD between myopes (median: 44.3\u2009ms; IQR: 26.5, 51.2) and non\u2010myopes (median: 41.6\u2009ms; IQR: 27.3, 48.5). Despite RGC numbers underlying the stimulus being significantly lower in the myopic group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), no relationship was observed between the CD estimate and co\u2010localised RGC number (Pearson's\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.13,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.43) or ocular length (Pearson's\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.08,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.61).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Unlike spatial summation, temporal summation is unchanged in myopia. This contrasts with glaucoma where both temporal and spatial summation are altered. As such, perimetric methods optimised to test for anomalies of temporal summation may provide a means to differentiate between conditions causing only a reduced RGC density (e.g., myopia), and pathological processes causing both a reduced RGC density\n                      <jats:italic>and<\/jats:italic>\n                      RGC dysfunction (e.g., glaucoma).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T12:05:10Z","timestamp":1680523510000},"page":"788-797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Temporal summation in myopia and its implications for the investigation of 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