{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T02:21:58Z","timestamp":1772763718721,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012909","name":"College of Optometrists","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012909","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To establish whether axial growth and refractive error can be modulated in anisohyperopic children by imposing relative peripheral hyperopic defocus (RPHD) using multifocal soft contact lenses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is a prospective, controlled paired\u2010eye study with anisohyperopic children. Axial growth and refractive error were observed without intervention for the first 6\u2009months of the 3\u2010year trial with participants wearing single vision spectacles. Then, participants wore a centre\u2010near, multifocal, soft contact lens (+2.00\u2009D add) in their more hyperopic eye for 2\u2009years, with a single vision contact lens worn in the fellow eye if required. The \u2018centre\u2010near\u2019 portion of the contact lens in the more hyperopic eye corrected distance refractive error while the \u2018distance\u2019 portion imposed hyperopic defocus in the peripheral retina. Participants reverted to single vision spectacles for the final 6\u2009months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eleven participants, mean age of 10.56\u2009years (SD 1.43; range 8.25\u201313.42), completed the trial. No increase in axial length (AL) was found during the first 6\u2009months in either eye (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.99). Axial growth across the 2\u2010year intervention period was 0.11\u2009mm (SEM 0.03;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.06) in the test eye versus 0.15\u2009mm (SEM 0.03;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003) in the control eye. AL was invariant during the final 6\u2009months in both eyes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.99). Refractive error was stable during the first 6\u2009months in both eyes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.71). Refractive error change across the 2\u2010year intervention period was \u22120.23\u2009D (SEM 0.14;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.32) in the test eye versus \u22120.30\u2009D (SEM 0.14;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.61) in the control eye. Neither eye demonstrated a change in refractive error during the final 6\u2009months (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.99).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Imposing RPHD using the centre\u2010near, multifocal, contact lens specified here did not accelerate axial growth nor reduce refractive error in anisohyperopic children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T07:29:07Z","timestamp":1680852547000},"page":"805-814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of peripheral defocus on axial growth and modulation of refractive error in children with anisohyperopia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0311-2457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian G.","family":"Beasley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Aston University  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leon N.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Aston University  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0538-9516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola S.","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Aston University  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000223"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2004.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.61.1.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.04.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2010.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.276"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.083154"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31817c930b"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"412","article-title":"Prevalence of anisometropia in Taiwanese schoolchildren","volume":"104","author":"Shih YF","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02713689808951218"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.54.3.161"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886\u2010015\u20100031\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12951"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(88)90113-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00233-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1369"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00229-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4153"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5457"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243076"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12833"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.10.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","unstructured":"ChamberlainP LoganN JonesD Gonzalez\u2010MeijomeJ SawS\u2010M YoungG.Clinical evaluation of a dual\u2010focus myopia control 1 day soft contact lens: 6\u2010year results. American Academy of Optometry Annual Meeting. 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-303914"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.10834"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","unstructured":"BeasleyIG.The effect of peripheral defocus on axial growth and modulation of refractive error in Hyperopes. PhD thesis Aston University.2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20160023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.4.458"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2009.00701.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(96)00146-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/238943"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1996.95000933.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2019.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","first-page":"77","volume-title":"The effect size. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2010.00815.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199808000-00028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2010.00530.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000808"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0888"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12991"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2012.00906.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12920"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318212ae56"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2010.00746.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182152646"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001078"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11813"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.13139","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:23:46Z","timestamp":1767785026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.13139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.13139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.13139","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-12-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}