{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:39:14Z","timestamp":1790433554123,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the known associations between near work and myopia, and retinal image quality and eye growth, accommodation\u2010induced changes in higher order aberrations (HOA's) and retinal image quality in children with different refractive errors are poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ocular HOA's were measured using a Hartmann\u2010Shack wavefront sensor (COAS\u2010HD, Wavefront Sciences) in 18 myopic and 18 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched non\u2010myopic children during short\u2010term accommodation tasks (four demands of 0, 3, 6 and 9\u2009D) presented using a Badal optometer. Eighth order Zernike polynomials were fitted across a 2.3 mm pupil diameter to determine refractive power vectors (M, J\n                      <jats:sub>180<\/jats:sub>\n                      and J\n                      <jats:sub>45<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and the accommodation error, and a 4 mm pupil was used for HOA analyses. Retinal image quality was examined using the visual Strehl ratio based on the optical transfer function (VSOTF) for third to eighth radial orders only.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Most refractive error group differences were observed for the 6 and 9\u2009D demands. Myopic children underwent greater changes in with\u2010the\u2010rule astigmatism (J\n                      <jats:sub>180<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), higher order and third order RMS values, primary vertical () and horizontal coma (), and several other individual Zernike coefficients compared with non\u2010myopic children (all refractive error group by demand interaction\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010values of \u22640.02). Non\u2010myopic children exhibited a greater negative shift in primary () and positive shift in secondary spherical aberration () (both refractive error group by demand interaction\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010values of \u22640.002). The VSOTF degraded for the 6 and 9\u2009D demands in both groups, but the myopic children underwent a greater mean (SE) reduction from 0\u2009D of \u22120.274 (0.048) for the 9\u2009D demand, compared with \u22120.131 (0.052) for the non\u2010myopic children (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results may have implications for the association between near work, accommodation and myopia development, particularly related to the use of short working distances during near tasks.<\/jats:p>\n                  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