{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:30:13Z","timestamp":1767796213896,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Meibomian gland contrast has been suggested as a potential biomarker in Meibomian gland dysfunction. This study analysed the instrumental factors related to contrast. The objectives were to determine whether the mathematical equations used to compute gland contrast (e.g., Michelson or Yeh and Lin), impact the ability to identify abnormal individuals, to ascertain whether contrast between the gland and the background could be an effective biomarker and to assess whether using contrast\u2010enhancement on the gland image improves its diagnostic efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 240 meibography images from 40 participants (20 controls and 20 having Meibomian gland dysfunction or blepharitis), were included. The Oculus Keratograph 5M was used to capture images from the upper and lower eyelids of each eye. The contrast of unprocessed images and those pre\u2010processed with contrast\u2010enhancement algorithms were analysed. Contrast was measured on the eight central glands. Two equations for contrast computation were used, and the contrast both between glands and within a gland were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant differences were found between the groups for inter\u2010gland area in the upper (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01) and lower eyelids (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) for contrast measured with the Michelson formula. Similar effects were observed when using the Yeh and Lin method in the upper (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01) and lower eyelids (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04). These results were obtained for images enhanced with the Keratograph 5M algorithm.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Meibomian gland contrast is a useful biomarker of disease related to the Meibomian glands. Contrast measurement should be determined using contrast\u2010enhanced images in the inter\u2010gland area. However, the method used to compute contrast did not influence the results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T08:04:11Z","timestamp":1682496251000},"page":"1050-1058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Role of instrumental factors in Meibomian gland contrast assessment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0317-2054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Diz\u2010Arias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics Department, Faculty of Optics and Optometry University Complutense of Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3500-0388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry University Complutense of Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7495-3088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assumpta","family":"Peral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry University Complutense of Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7043-3256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A.","family":"Gomez\u2010Pedrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics Department, Faculty of Optics and Optometry University Complutense of Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997c"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2017.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.5.615"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(83)90126-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000294"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182512ac1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2012.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31825425ef"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2011.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997f"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2022.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201087314\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001767","article-title":"Quantifying Meibomian gland morphology using artificial intelligence","volume":"98","author":"Wang J","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092396"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.6.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2019.101776"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2012.10.074"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-05034-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001636"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OSAC.1.001041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12278"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-336156-1.50061-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","unstructured":"Diz\u2010AriasE Fernandez\u2010JimenezE PeralA Gomez\u2010PedreroJA.Code for computing Meibomian gland contrast.2022GitHub.https:\/\/github.com\/InforUCM\/ContrasteMG. 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