{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:14:29Z","timestamp":1780593269573,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n To implement a pure power vector method for monocular subjective refraction using a regular phoropter with the only modification being the inclusion of a Stokes lens. The proposed methodology was tested with three different Stokes lenses, and the results were compared with conventional clinical refraction procedures.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Power vector subjective refraction was performed by attaching a Stokes lens to the Risley prism holder. Stokes lenses allow for pure astigmatic compensation in the form of the J\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n , J\n 45<\/jats:sub>\n components while the spherical lenses in the phoropter allow determination of the spherical component in the form of M (spherical equivalent). The proposed routine is presented step\u2010by\u2010step using three Stokes lenses having different astigmatic powers.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Monocular subjective refraction was performed on 26 healthy subjects with a mean age of 44\u2009\u00b1\u200916\u2009years, mean spherical equivalent of \u22120.56 D (range \u22125.50 to +2.38 D) and refractive astigmatism \u22641.50 D. No differences were found between the results obtained with the conventional technique versus the vector\u2010based procedure for the spherical equivalent (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.28) or astigmatic components (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.34). In addition, visual acuity (VA) was equivalent through the refractions measured with the conventional and vector procedures (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.12). Repeatability coefficients for J\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n and J\n 45<\/jats:sub>\n with the new vector methodology were <0.38 D.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The proposed routine could be helpful for cases where it is difficult to get a valid starting point for conventional refraction (e.g., irregular corneas and media opacities), for testing facilities with limited resources\/equipment and\/or for motivated clinicians who wish to know about alternative methods of refractive error determination.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T07:58:28Z","timestamp":1685692708000},"page":"1029-1039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Subjective refraction using power vectors by updating a conventional phoropter with a Stokes lens for continuous astigmatic power generation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3575-9792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Ricardo Albero","family":"Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Baviera Castell\u00f3n Castell\u00f3n Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9457-1960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Mic\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de \u00d3ptica y Optometr\u00eda y Ciencias de la Visi\u00f3n Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia Burjassot Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8972-1784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar","family":"Albarr\u00e1n\u00a0Diego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de \u00d3ptica y Optometr\u00eda y Ciencias de la Visi\u00f3n Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia Burjassot Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"174","volume-title":"Clinical procedures in optometry","author":"Polasky M","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"Retinoscopy\/autorefraction: which is the best starting point for a noncycloplegic refraction?","volume":"82","author":"Jorge J","year":"2005","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2003.00119.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.36.0000B1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.1.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12360"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Astigmatism: types, diagnosis and treatment options","author":"Mic\u00f3 V","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199706000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318157acbb"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(00)00797-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(00)00816-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181a6a211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2001.00582.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"428","article-title":"Jackson cross cylinder \u2013 simple formulation of its optical principles","volume":"30","author":"Furlan W","year":"2000","journal-title":"Opt Appl"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199706000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.7971977"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-196508000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12343"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.386247"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.450062"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.61.12.121803"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/jcgs.2009.07098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197710000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.1981.tb02988.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"423","article-title":"Humphrey Vision Analyzer. 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