{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T08:40:32Z","timestamp":1774946432889,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multizone contact lenses control myopia progression by proposed introduction of myopic defocus. This project investigated how much of the pupil area and how many dioptres of myopic defocus are introduced by different lens zone geometries with near\u2010 and off\u2010axis viewing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten young myopic adults (18\u201325\u2009years) binocularly wore four soft contact lenses including a single vision (SV), concentric\u2010ring dual\u2010focus (DF), centre\u2010distance multifocal (MF) and a RingBoost\u2122 (RB) multi\u2010zone design containing a combination of coaxial and non\u2010coaxial zones. A modified aberrometer captured aberrations and pupil sizes at four target vergences between \u22120.25 and \u22124.00\u2009D (on\u2010axis) and across the central \u00b130\u00b0 of the horizontal retina (off\u2010axis). Defocus was quantified as the difference between the measured refractive state and the target vergence within each zone of a multi\u2010zone design within the pupil and compared with that of equivalent zone areas of the SV lens. The percentage of the pupil containing myopic defocused light for each lens was calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Defocus within the distance correction zones of multi\u2010zone lenses was similar to that of the SV lens. When viewing on\u2010axis at \u22120.25\u2009D target vergence, on average 11% of the pupil was myopic with SV, whereas 62%, 84% and 50% of the pupil was myopic for the DF, MF and RB designs, respectively. At \u22124.00\u2009D target vergence, all lenses exhibited a systematic decrease in the percentage of pupil area having myopic defocus (SV: 3%; DF: 18%; MF: 5% and RB: 26%). The off\u2010axis proportions were similar across multi\u2010zone lenses; however, multi\u2010zone lenses retained approximately 1.25\u20133.0\u00d7 more myopic defocus than the SV lens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subjects accommodated using the distance\u2010correction zones of multi\u2010zone lenses. Multi\u2010zone contact lenses introduced significant myopic defocus on\u2010axis and across the central \u00b130\u00b0 retina. However, the magnitude and proportion of defocus were influenced by zone geometry, add power and pupil size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T08:11:16Z","timestamp":1686903076000},"page":"1110-1124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Impact of zone geometry on the introduction of myopic defocus in young adult eyes wearing multi\u2010zone lenses"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4591-5012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raman Prasad","family":"Sah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5157-2557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawn","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Jaskulski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Rickert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9151-0759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johnson &amp; Johnson Vision Care Inc.  Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4635-6435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noel","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johnson &amp; Johnson Vision Care Inc.  Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9568-2064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pete S.","family":"Kollbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60272-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.06.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12686"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"254","article-title":"Efficacy in myopia control","volume":"83","author":"Brennan NA","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.30118"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.10.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001410"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000440"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12621"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-303914"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.13077"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000773"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2022.100232"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000808"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-4115-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12443"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12959"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12614"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12903"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"1022","article-title":"Peripheral refraction and ocular shape in children","volume":"41","author":"Mutti DO","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","unstructured":"The Vision Care Institute.Clinical grading scales.Jacksonville FL:Johnson & Johnson.2014.https:\/\/www.jnjvisioncare.ae\/sites\/default\/files\/public\/ae\/documents\/clinical_grading_scales_article_final.pdf. 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