{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:15:44Z","timestamp":1767795344631,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many presbyopic patients in both developed and developing countries use ready\u2010made reading spectacles for their near vision correction even though the quality of these spectacles cannot always be assured. This study assessed the optical quality of ready\u2010made reading spectacles for presbyopic correction in comparison with relevant international standards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 105 ready\u2010made reading spectacles with powers ranging from +1.50 to +3.50 dioptres (D) in +0.50\u2009D steps were randomly procured from open markets in Ghana and assessed for their optical quality, including induced prisms and safety markings. These assessments were done in line with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 16034:2002 [BS EN 14139:2010]) as well as the standards used in low\u2010resource countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All lenses (100%) had significant induced horizontal prism that exceeded the tolerance levels stipulated by the ISO standards, while 30% had vertical prism greater than the specified tolerances. The highest prevalence of induced vertical prism was seen in the +2.50 and +3.50 D lenses (48% and 43%, respectively). When compared with less conservative standards, as suggested for use in low\u2010resource countries, the prevalence of induced horizontal and vertical prism reduced to 88% and 14%, respectively. While only 15% of spectacles had a labelled centration distance, none had any safety markings per the ISO standards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The high prevalence of ready\u2010made reading spectacles in Ghana that fail to meet optical quality standards indicates the need for more robust, rigorous and standardised protocols for assessing their optical quality before they are sold on the market. This will alleviate unwanted side effects including asthenopia associated with their use. There is also the need to intensify public health awareness on the use of ready\u2010made reading spectacles, especially by patients with significant refractive errors and ocular pathologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T03:09:50Z","timestamp":1687921790000},"page":"1337-1343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of optical quality of ready\u2010made reading spectacles for presbyopic correction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Frederick A.","family":"Asare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Optometry and Vision Science, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute Ulster University  Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Godwin A.","family":"Ahiakwao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eye Department Ga North Municipal Hospital  Ofankor Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bright A.","family":"Oduro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vision Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5071-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augustine N.","family":"Nti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ocular Surface Institute University of Houston College of Optometry  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Primary care optometry","author":"Grosvenor TP","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S269597"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"370","article-title":"Impact of presbyopia and its correction in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries","volume":"7","author":"Chan VF","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia\u2010Pac J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20210408-03"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v17i2.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12195"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization.ISO 16034:2002 Ophthalmic optics\u2014Specifications for single\u2010vision ready\u2010to\u2010wear near\u2010 vision spectacles.Switzerland:International Organisation for Standardisation;2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181b487f6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318249d608"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2014.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/aveh.v75i1.316"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2006.01335.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318159aa69"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3813298"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","volume-title":"IAPB Africa human resources for eye health: strategic plan 2014\u20132023","author":"International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.13197","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:23:31Z","timestamp":1767785011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.13197"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.13197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.13197","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}