{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T18:14:40Z","timestamp":1788545680773,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 EY003039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY003039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 EY025254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 EY025254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 EY028578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 EY028578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There have recently been several clinical studies suggesting that brief periods of exposure to red light (repeated low\u2010level red light, \u2018RLRL\u2019) may produce a dramatic anti\u2010myopia effect, calling for further investigations into its therapeutic parameters. Unfortunately, many experimental species used in refractive studies develop myopia in response to this wavelength. Tree shrews are the only animal model other than rhesus monkeys that consistently exhibit hyperopic responses to ambient red light. Here, tree shrews were used to study the influence of the spectral purity, duty cycle and intensity of red light on its anti\u2010myopic effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Juvenile tree shrews (\n                      <jats:italic>Tupaia belangeri<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) were raised from 24 to 35\u2009days after eye opening under ambient lighting that was: standard white colony fluorescent light; pure narrow band red light of either 600, 50\u2013100 or 5 lux; red light that was diluted with 10% white light (by lux) or 50% white and 2 s of pure red light that alternated with 2 s of pure white light (50% duty cycle). Refractive measures were taken with a NIDEK ARK\u2010700 autorefractor and axial dimensions with a LenStar LS\u2010900 Axial Biometer.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pro\u2010hyperopia effect of ambient red light was greatly reduced by even small amounts of concurrent white light \u2018contamination\u2019, but remained robust if 2\u2010s periods of pure white light alternated with 2\u2009s of red. Finally, the hyperopic effect of red light was maintained at reduced luminance levels in the 50\u2013100 lux range and only failed at 5 lux.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results have implications for understanding the mechanisms by which ambient red light affects refractive development, and possibly also for clinical therapies using RLRL. Nevertheless, it remains to be determined if the mechanism of the current clinical RLRL therapy is the same as that operating on tree shrews in ambient red light.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T01:29:52Z","timestamp":1689038992000},"page":"1419-1426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The effects of intensity, spectral purity and duty cycle on\n                    <scp>red light\u2010<\/scp>\n                    induced hyperopia in tree shrews"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5634-4393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Gawne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Science University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alena V.","family":"Samal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Science University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"She","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Science University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama 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