{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:55:51Z","timestamp":1791352551176,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence language model, which uses natural language processing to simulate human conversation. It has seen a wide range of applications including healthcare education, research and clinical practice. This study evaluated the accuracy of ChatGPT in providing accurate and quality information to answer questions on myopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A series of 11 questions (nine categories of general summary, cause, symptom, onset, prevention, complication, natural history, treatment and prognosis) were generated for this cross\u2010sectional study. Each question was entered five times into fresh ChatGPT sessions (free from influence of prior questions). The responses were evaluated by a five\u2010member team of optometry teaching and research staff. The evaluators individually rated the accuracy and quality of responses on a Likert scale, where a higher score indicated greater quality of information (1: very poor; 2: poor; 3: acceptable; 4: good; 5: very good). Median scores for each question were estimated and compared between evaluators. Agreement between the five evaluators and the reliability statistics of the questions were estimated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 11 questions on myopia, ChatGPT provided good quality information (median scores: 4.0) for 10 questions and acceptable responses (median scores: 3.0) for one question. Out of 275 responses in total, 66 (24%) were rated very good, 134 (49%) were rated good, whereas 60 (22%) were rated acceptable, 10 (3.6%) were rated poor and 5 (1.8%) were rated very poor. Cronbach's\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      of 0.807 indicated good level of agreement between test items. Evaluators' ratings demonstrated \u2018slight agreement\u2019 (Fleiss's\n                      <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 0.005) with a significant difference in scoring among the evaluators (Kruskal\u2013Wallis test,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, ChatGPT generated good quality information to answer questions on myopia. Although ChatGPT shows great potential in rapidly providing information on myopia, the presence of inaccurate responses demonstrates that further evaluation and awareness concerning its limitations are crucial to avoid potential misinterpretation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T04:25:33Z","timestamp":1689913533000},"page":"1562-1570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Assessing the utility of ChatGPT as an artificial intelligence\u2010based large language model for information to answer questions on myopia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6011-0365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayantan","family":"Biswas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, College of Health and Life Sciences Aston University  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0538-9516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola S.","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, College of Health and Life Sciences Aston University  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1554-0566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon N.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, College of Health and Life Sciences Aston University  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0035-8267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy L.","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, College of Health and Life Sciences Aston University  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4673-8927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James S.","family":"Wolffsohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, College of Health and Life Sciences Aston University  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.27304"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocab268"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000000406"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00534-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hospitals need to customise care according to patients' differing information\u2010seeking behaviour","volume":"61","author":"Riiskj\u00e6r E","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dan Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.5.778"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2021.3695"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/546925"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11060887"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15661"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SkrebecaJ KalnieteP GoldbergsJ PitkevicaL TihomirovaD RomanovsA editors.Modern development trends of chatbots using artificial intelligence (AI). 2021 62nd International Scientific Conference on Information Technology and Management Science of Riga Technical University (ITMS); 2021: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITMS52826.2021.9615258"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"Nerdynav.97+ ChatGPT statistics & user numbers in June 2023 (New Data).2023Available from:nerdynav.com\/chatgpt\u2010statistics\/. 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