{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:15:11Z","timestamp":1788534911017,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]],"date-time":"2023-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In order to improve the efficiency of orthokeratology (OK) lens fitting and predict the axial length after 1\u2009year of OK lens wear, machine learning models were proposed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical data from 1302 myopic subjects were collected retrospectively, and two machine learning models were implemented. Demographic and corneal topographic data were collected as input variables. The output variables were the parameters of the OK lens and the axial length after 1\u2009year. Eighty percent of input variables was used as the training set and the remaining 20% was used as the validation set. The first alignment curve (AC1) of the OK lenses, deduced using machine learning models and formula calculation, were compared. Multiple regression models (support vector machine, Gaussian process, decision tree and random forest) were used to predict the axial length after 1\u2009year. In addition, we classified data based on lens brand, and carried out more detailed parameter fitting and analysis for spherical and toric OK lenses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The OK lens fitting model showed higher (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.93) and lower errors (mean absolute error [MAE]\u2009=\u20090.19, mean square error [MSE]\u2009=\u20090.09) when predicting AC1, compared with the formula calculation (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.66, MAE\u2009=\u20090.44, MSE\u2009=\u20090.25). The machine learning model still had high\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      values ranging from 0.91 to 0.96 when considering the brand and design of the OK lenses. Further, the\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      value for the axial length prediction model was 0.94, which indicated that the machine learning model had high accuracy and good robustness.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The OK lens fitting model and the axial length prediction model played an important role in guiding OK lens fitting, with high accuracy and robustness in prediction performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T01:05:46Z","timestamp":1691975146000},"page":"1462-1468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Machine learning models for orthokeratology lens fitting and axial length prediction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Weak\u2010Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Nankai University  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Eye Hospital  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital Nankai University  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuxian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Eye Hospital  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital Nankai University  Tianjin 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