{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:35:41Z","timestamp":1792193741304,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate changes in astigmatism with age. Are changes from with\u2010the\u2010rule (WTR) in younger ages to against\u2010the\u2010rule (ATR) in older patients mediated through oblique astigmatic axes or spherical prescriptions, and at what ages do these changes occur?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prescription data were gathered retrospectively from one optical practice belonging to a large multiple group in the UK. Longitudinal assessments were made of the changes in astigmatism for 326 patients (mean age at first prescription 46\u2009years, range 28\u201369\u2009years) and 640 eyes through their recorded prescription history (median 20\u2009years of prescription data per participant, IQR 19\u201322\u2009years, range 18\u201329\u2009years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Changes in small degrees of astigmatism (0.25 or 0.50\u2009DC) from WTR to ATR were more than three times more likely to pass through an oblique cylinder axis as through a spherical prescription (56 vs. 16, \u2009=\u200922.2,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). For patients aged 28\u201340\u2009years at their first recorded eye examination, 55% (92\/167) of eyes had an onset of astigmatic changes at a mean of 44\u2009years (SD 6.2) and 41% (68\/167) of eyes had no change until after a mean of 54\u2009years (SD 4.6). Compared with a measured prevalence of oblique astigmatism in the literature of 11%\u201319%, 36% (232\/640) of the eyes in this study had an oblique cylinder prescribed at least once in their refraction history and of these oblique cylinders, 78% were transient in nature.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The change in ocular astigmatism with age, from WTR to ATR, was more than three times more likely (56 vs. 16) to pass through oblique cylinder axes as through a spherical prescription. Changes in oblique astigmatism have been implicated in complaints with new spectacles, so given this prevalence of oblique cylinder axes (232\/640, 36%), continuing professional development is needed regarding reconciling these oblique changes with previous prescriptions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T02:34:47Z","timestamp":1695609287000},"page":"71-77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Changes in ocular astigmatism with age: A longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2325-9694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Beesley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bradford School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Bradford  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9959-6841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David B.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bradford School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Bradford  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13683"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261324"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1988.tb01080.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12344"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1986.tb00727.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12961"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199706000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2531153"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"Primary care optometry","author":"Grosvenor TP","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"Borish's clinical refraction","author":"Benjamin WJ","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.8.964"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2008.00549.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199508000-00007"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.13234","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:24:16Z","timestamp":1767785056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.13234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.13234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.13234","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-07","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}