{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:18:48Z","timestamp":1767795528494,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The accurate diagnosis of age\u2010related macular degeneration (AMD) represents an important step in delaying and preventing vision loss and achieving optimal patient care. Therefore, this pilot study aimed to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of community optometrists for identifying AMD using colour fundus photographs (CFPs) to support sample size calculations for subsequent definitive studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five practising community optometrists were invited to classify a total of 1023 CFPs for the (1) presence of AMD, and, if applicable, (2) stage of AMD (early\/intermediate\/late geographic atrophy\/late neovascular AMD). Diagnosis by referral centre clinicians formed the reference standard. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (aROC). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were also calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 1023 CFPs included in the study, 226 images were of AMD and 797 images were of other ocular conditions or no abnormal findings. Participating community optometrists had a mean (SD) age of 30.2 (8.9) years, 60.0% (3\/5) were female and the mean number of years practising in primary eye care was 5.4 (5.4) years. Community optometrists demonstrated excellent performance for diagnosing AMD, with an aROC of 0.86 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.89), sensitivity of 84.5% (95% CI 79.1 to 89.0) and specificity of 88.0% (95% CI 85.5 to 90.1). The aROC (95% CI) for diagnosing early, intermediate, late geographic atrophy and late neovascular AMD was 0.82 (0.73 to 0.91), 0.76 (0.72 to 0.81), 0.69 (0.49 to 0.90) and 0.55 (0.34 to 0.75), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results justify the need for an appropriately powered definitive study to assess community clinicians' diagnostic accuracy for AMD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T06:19:09Z","timestamp":1698992349000},"page":"17-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diagnostic accuracy of community optometrists for age\u2010related macular degeneration using colour fundus photographs: A\u00a0pilot evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1975-828X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Health The University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science The University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2141-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordon S.","family":"Doig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7881-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelica","family":"Ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science The University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662\u2010016\u20100063\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.086595"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S185052"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.887104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Eyes on the future: a clear outlook on age\u2010related macular degeneration","author":"Deloitte Access Economics","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.0830"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.4182"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000997"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228858"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S142685"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942\u2010015\u20100022\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003512"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","volume-title":"Age\u2010related macular degeneration preferred practice pattern","author":"American Academy of Ophthalmology","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"Optometry Australia.2019 Clinical Practice Guide for the diagnosis treatment and management of age\u2010related macular degeneration. 2019 [cited 2023 May 30]. Available from:https:\/\/www.optometry.org.au\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/Professional_support\/Practice_notes\/AMD\u2010Clinical\u2010Practice\u2010Guide\u20102019_final_designed_v5.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471722146"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680309600604"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1988.tb02134.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701916"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.09.077"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/385915"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12607"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","unstructured":"RANZCO.The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists. RANZCO: referral pathway for AMD management.2018. Available from:https:\/\/ranzco.edu\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/080120\u2010RANZCO\u2010Referral\u2010pathway\u2010for\u2010AMD\u2010management\u2010revised.pdf. Accessed 30 Oct 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2021.2008791"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.4252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13034"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.13242","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:24:05Z","timestamp":1767785045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.13242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.13242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.13242","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}