{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:33:57Z","timestamp":1787592837168,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated the equivocal association between contact lens (CL) wear and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) by comparing the morphological, functional and subjective outcomes of CL wearers versus control, non\u2010CL wearers. CL wearers were examined as two cohorts based on the annual attendance of follow\u2010up visits (FLU\u2014attended these visits, whereas non\u2010FLU did not).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Habitual logMAR visual acuity, invasive and non\u2010invasive tear break\u2010up time, Schirmer test, Efron grading scales, meibum quality score (MQS), meibum expressibility score (MES), meibomian gland (MG) loss, lid margin abnormalities and subjective dry eye (DE) symptoms were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 128 participants, 31 were in the FLU cohort, 43 were in the non\u2010FLU cohort and 54 were controls (mean ages: 22.2\u2009\u00b1\u20093.1, 23.0\u2009\u00b1\u20094.6 and 22.3\u2009\u00b1\u20093.5, respectively). Non\u2010FLU CL wearers had more symptoms than controls (3.7\u2009\u00b1\u20092.4 vs. 2.3\u2009\u00b1\u20092.1,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Morphologically, FLU (16.9\u2009\u00b1\u20098.8%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02) and non\u2010FLU (18.6\u2009\u00b1\u200911.3%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) had more MG loss than controls (11.2\u2009\u00b1\u20096.8%). Functionally, FLU (0.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01) and non\u2010FLU (0.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) had worse MES than controls (0.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5). FLU and non\u2010FLU were both associated with corneal staining (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20093.42, 95% CI: 1.16\u201310.11,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03 and OR\u2009=\u20095.23, 95% CI: 1.89\u201314.48,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001, respectively) and MG loss (OR\u2009=\u200910.47, 95% CI: 1.14\u201396.29,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04 and OR\u2009=\u200916.63, 95% CI: 1.96\u2013140.86,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01, respectively). Non\u2010FLU CL wear was also associated with abnormal MQS (OR\u2009=\u200912.87, 95% CI: 1.12\u2013148.41,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04), conjunctival staining (OR\u2009=\u200912.18, 95% CI: 3.66\u201340.51,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and lid margin telangiectasia (OR\u2009=\u20093.78, 95% CI: 1.55\u20139.21,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003). MGD was three times more prevalent in CL wearers (12%) than in controls (4%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both CL\u2010wearing cohorts demonstrated significantly more MG abnormalities than controls though the difference was not clinically significant. Non\u2010FLU CL wearers had more DE symptoms. Non\u2010FLU CL wear is an independent predictor for more abnormalities than FLU CL wear, emphasising the importance of follow\u2010ups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T08:33:51Z","timestamp":1699950831000},"page":"153-167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Contact lens wear and follow\u2010up and its association with signs and symptoms of meibomian gland dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7924-0610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reut","family":"Ifrah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Science Hadassah Academic College  Jerusalem Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Optics and Optometry Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya  Terrassa 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