{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T09:11:37Z","timestamp":1770282697678,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To analyse and compare image acuity for different refractive errors generated by either altering axial length or corneal curvature and using three human eye models with two pupil sizes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three different eye models, Liou\u2010Brennan, Goncharov and Navarro, were used. Simulations were made (using Ansys Zemax OpticStudio 22.3) for real pupil sizes of 3 and 6\u2009mm with refractive errors ranging from \u22122 to +2\u2009D in 0.25\u2009D increments. Refractive errors were simulated by varying axial length or corneal curvature. Root mean square (RMS) values were used to determine image acuity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For the 3\u2010mm pupil, all models gave similar results, with the Navarro model having slightly higher RMS values for the emmetropic eye. For the 6\u2010mm pupil, the Liou\u2010Brennan and Goncharov eye models gave similar results, with RMS values lower than for the Navarro eye model. The highest RMS value was visible in the axial length\u2010induced refractive errors. Refractive errors generated by altering corneal curvature give smaller RMS values than those generated by altering axial length. The axial length and corneal radius simulations indicate a wide spread of results for myopic, hyperopic and emmetropic eyes. There are multiple outcomes that give the same refractive error, even within a single\u2010eye model. The axial length\/corneal curvature ratio showed a higher ratio for myopes than hyperopes for every model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The influence of refractive error on image acuity varied depending on the simulation method of refractive error and the model used. The origins of refractive error and the influence it has on image acuity need further investigation. As models become more sophisticated, personalised and biologically relevant, they will better represent the image acuity of the eye for varying refractive errors, ethnicities, ages and pupil sizes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T18:55:05Z","timestamp":1701111305000},"page":"182-190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A comparative analysis of the influence of refractive error on image acuity using three eye models"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Fabian","family":"Debowy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, Education Medicine and Social Care, Medical Technology Research Centre Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8661-6353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Pierscionek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, Education Medicine and Social Care, Medical Technology Research Centre Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3921\/joptom.2009.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Accommodation in human eye models: a comparison between the optical designs of Navarro, Arizona and Liou\u2010Brennan","volume":"10","author":"Zoulinakis G","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00019-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"343","volume-title":"Visual optics","author":"Emsley HH","year":"1953"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Physiological optics","author":"Le Grand Y","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12352"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000221399.50864.c7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.24.002157"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/6.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.14.001684"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/14.13.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.24.002175"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.24.002911"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","volume-title":"Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations","author":"Spector RH","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31824048a9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"2508","article-title":"Pupil location under mesopic, photopic, and pharmacologically dilated conditions","volume":"43","author":"Yang Y","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","volume-title":"Introduction to ophthalmic optics","author":"Meister D","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.635041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16428"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1993.tb00424.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2006.00847.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200401000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02713689808951218"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000252982"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-322X.170340"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/kjo.kjo_171_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14208"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199802000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2019.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/1871121c0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-7148"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2011\/138941"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199409000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","first-page":"220","article-title":"Axial length to corneal radius of curvature ratio and refractive errors","volume":"8","author":"Hashemi H","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000317072"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181b2f903"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886\u2010016\u20100221\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702701"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179836"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.7.001985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319431"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.859944"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.13251","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:24:05Z","timestamp":1767785045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.13251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.13251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.13251","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-31","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}