{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T09:06:13Z","timestamp":1775034373798,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify the stimulus airflow characteristics and confirm the consistency of a novel air jet\u2010based aesthesiometer capable of producing and applying multiple stimuli separated either by time and\/or by space.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A novel aesthesiometer (Dolphin Aesthesiometer) was designed around a micro\u2010blower under software management. Two nozzle attachments assisted in airflow control (flexible tube 1.6\u2009mm diameter; brass tube 0.5\u2009mm diameter). Four studies that tested the characteristics of the airflow and stimulus consistency were completed: (i) airflow pattern\/trajectory, (ii) airflow surface dispersion, (iii) force of airflow across a range of stimulus strengths and (iv) thermal effects on the ocular surface.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Stimulus characteristic studies revealed: (i) airflow is coherent within the expected test distance range for the instrument, and spread rate is constant irrespective of stimulus strength; (ii) airflow dispersion occurs upon encountering a surface and dispersion increases with increasing airflow rate; (iii) a consistent and small force (10\n                      <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009N) is applied by the airflow and (iv) repeatable thermal effects occur in relation to the airflow, and the mode of stimulation of the Dolphin aesthesiometer is predominantly thermal in nature.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These studies confirm the repeatability and consistency of the novel instrument. The device is suitable for measuring corneal sensitivity. The availability of additional air jets allows the application of multiple stimuli to facilitate corneal summation investigations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T19:23:27Z","timestamp":1700853807000},"page":"32-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Stimulus characteristics of a novel air\u2010based multiple stimulus aesthesiometer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9062-1331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie A.","family":"Mungalsingh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Waterloo  Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3902-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Waterloo  Waterloo Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Center for Eye and Vision Research  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean D.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering University of Waterloo  Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0041-4671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Waterloo  Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1998.00390.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.044024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-9304"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199911000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000543"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0275-5408(96)00078-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0689"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1996.95001026.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2013.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2017.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2016.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","unstructured":"MungalsinghM.Stimulus characteristics of a novel air\u2010based multiple stimulus aesthesiometer. [Ph.D Thesis]. University of Waterloo Canada.2022. [cited 2023 Aug 13]. Available from:http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10012\/17826"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"NishimuraS.The investigation of the thermal effect of contact lens wear. [M.Phil Thesis]. Cardiff University U.K.2014. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. Available from:https:\/\/orca.cardiff.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/73766\/1\/Nishimura\u2010Sachiko\u2010Thesis.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ICL.0000141921.80061.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"WongS.Examination of contact lenses using evaporimetry and infrared thermography. [Thesis Proposal]. University of Waterloo Canada;2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"LumE.The impact of overnight orthokeratology on sub\u2010basal nerve plexus morphology and corneal sensitivity. [Ph.D Thesis]. The University of New South Wales Australia;2014. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1959.4\/53397"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"MurphyPJ.An examination of human corneal sensitivity by non\u2010invasive methods. Ph.D Thesis Glasgow Caledonian Univerisity U.K.;1996."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-196604000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Viscous fluid flow","author":"White FM","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199905000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"513","article-title":"Measurement of corneal sensitivity to mechanical and chemical stimulation with a CO2 esthesiometer","volume":"40","author":"Belmonte C","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12603"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","unstructured":"NoschDS.Influences of stimulus characteristics and ocular surface conditions on non\u2010invasive corneal sensitivity measurements. Ph.D Thesis Cardiff University U.K.;2015. 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