{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:19:32Z","timestamp":1787015972154,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence suggests that eye movements have potential as a tool for detecting glaucomatous visual field defects. This study evaluated the influence of sampling frequency on eye movement parameters in detecting glaucomatous visual field defects during a free\u2010viewing task.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated eye movements in two sets of experiments: (a) young adults with and without simulated visual field defects and (b) glaucoma patients and age\u2010matched controls. In Experiment 1, we recruited 30 healthy volunteers. Among these, 10 performed the task with a gaze\u2010contingent superior arcuate (SARC) scotoma, 10 performed the task with a gaze\u2010contingent biarcuate (BARC) scotoma and 10 performed the task without a simulated scotoma (NoSim). The experimental task involved participants freely exploring 100 images, each for 4\u2009s. Eye movements were recorded using the LiveTrack Lightning eye\u2010tracker (500\u2009Hz). In Experiment 2, we recruited 20 glaucoma patients and 16 age\u2010matched controls. All participants underwent similar experimental tasks as in Experiment 1, except only 37 images were shown for exploration. To analyse the effect of sampling frequency, data were downsampled to 250, 120 and 60\u2009Hz. Eye movement parameters, such as the number of fixations, fixation duration, saccadic amplitude and bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA), were computed across various sampling frequencies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two\u2010way ANOVA revealed no significant effects of sampling frequency on fixation duration (simulation,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.37; glaucoma patients,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.95) and BCEA (simulation,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.84; glaucoma patients:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.91). BCEA showed good distinguishability in differentiating groups across different sampling frequencies, whereas fixation duration failed to distinguish between glaucoma patients and controls. Number of fixations and saccade amplitude showed variations with sampling frequency in both simulations and glaucoma patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In both simulations and glaucoma patients, BCEA consistently differentiated them from controls across various sampling frequencies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T05:23:45Z","timestamp":1703654625000},"page":"378-387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Does the sampling frequency of an eye tracker affect the detection of glaucomatous visual field loss?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9761-3345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priyanka","family":"Maniarasu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions Manipal Academy of Higher Education  Manipal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3312-8815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prathamesh Harshad","family":"Shasane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions Manipal Academy of Higher Education  Manipal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijaya H.","family":"Pai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College Manipal Manipal Academy of Higher Education  Manipal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neetha I. R.","family":"Kuzhuppilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College Manipal Manipal Academy of Higher Education  Manipal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7592-9151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramesh S.","family":"Ve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions Manipal Academy of Higher Education  Manipal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4323-6035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shonraj","family":"Ballae\u00a0Ganeshrao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions Manipal Academy of Higher Education  Manipal 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