{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:17:28Z","timestamp":1787015848809,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY007551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY007551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY030193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY030193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low\u2010level red light (LLRL) therapy has recently emerged as a myopia treatment in children, with several studies reporting significant reduction in axial elongation and myopia progression. The goal of this study was to characterise the output and determine the thermal and photochemical maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of LLRL devices for myopia control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two LLRL devices, a Sky\u2010n1201a and a Future Vision, were examined. Optical power measurements were made using an integrating sphere radiometer through a 7\u2010mm diameter aperture, in accordance with ANSI Z136.1\u20102014, sections 3.2.3\u20133.2.4. Retinal spot sizes of the devices were obtained using a model eye and high\u2010resolution beam profiler. Corneal irradiance, retinal irradiance and MPE were calculated for an eye positioned at the oculars of each device.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both devices were confirmed to be Class 1 laser products. Findings showed that the Sky\u2010n1201a delivers laser light as a point source with a 654\u2010nm wavelength, 0.2\u2009mW power (\u00d8 7\u2009mm aperture, 10\u2010cm distance), 1.17\u2009mW\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      corneal irradiance and 7.2\u2009W\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      retinal irradiance (\u00d8 2\u2009mm pupil). The MPE for photochemical damage is 0.55\u20137.0\u2009s for 2\u20137\u2009mm pupils and for thermal damage is 0.41\u201310\u2009s for 4.25\u20137\u2009mm pupils. Future Vision delivers the laser as an extended source subtending 0.75\u2009\u00d7\u20090.325\u00b0. It has a 652\u2010nm wavelength, 0.06\u2009mW power (\u00d8 7\u2009mm aperture, 10\u2009cm distance), 0.624\u2009mW\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      corneal irradiance and 0.08\u2009W\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      retinal irradiance (\u00d8 2\u2009mm pupil). MPE for photochemical damage is 50\u2013625\u2009s for 2\u20137\u2009mm pupils.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For both of the LLRL devices evaluated here, 3\u2009min of continuous viewing approached or surpassed the MPE, putting the retina at risk of photochemical and thermal damage. Clinicians should be cautious with the use of LLRL therapy for myopia in children until safety standards can be confirmed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T07:14:23Z","timestamp":1704438863000},"page":"241-248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Red light instruments for myopia exceed safety limits"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8675-1478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Ostrin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander W.","family":"Schill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-023-00671-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201030500\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12476"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2010.526750"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2018.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2017.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14149"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8915867"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.10.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00585-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247498"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000527787"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.9612"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000618"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000529819"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12939"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05794-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00644-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-023-02762-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.85746"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000001020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-23880"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12864"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2007.2184"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20142519"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.1548"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ANSI.American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers (ANSI Z136.1). 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