{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:12:32Z","timestamp":1792059152453,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012909","name":"College of Optometrists","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012909","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To measure the dynamic accommodation response (AR) to step stimuli with and without multifocal contact lenses (MFCLs), in emmetropes and myopes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty\u2010two adult subjects viewed alternating distance (0.25D) and near (3D) Maltese crosses placed in free space, through two contact lens types: single vision (SVCL) or centre\u2010distance multifocal (MFCL; +2.50D add). The AR level was measured along with near to far (N\u2013F) and far to near (F\u2013N) step response characteristics: percentage of correct responses, magnitude, latency, peak velocity and duration of step response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was no difference between N\u2013F and F\u2013N responses, or between refractive groups in any aspect of the accommodation step response dynamics. The percentage of correct responses was unaffected by contact lens type. Through MFCLs, subjects demonstrated smaller magnitude, longer latency, shorter duration and slower peak velocity steps than through SVCLs. When viewing the near target, the AR through MFCLs was significantly lower than through SVCLs. When viewing the distance target with the MFCL, the focal points from rays travelling through the distance and near zones were approximately 0.004D behind and 2.50D in front of the retina, respectively. When viewing the near target, the respective values were approximately 1.89D behind and 0.61D in front of the retina.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The defocus error required for accommodation control appears not to be solely derived from the distance zone of the MFCL. This results in reduced performance in response to abruptly changing vergence stimuli; however, these errors were small and unlikely to impact everyday visual tasks. There was a decrease in ocular accommodation during near tasks, which has previously been correlated with a reduced myopic treatment response through these lenses. With MFCLs, the estimated dioptric myopic defocus was the largest when viewing a distant stimulus, supporting the hypothesis that the outdoors provides a beneficial visual environment to reduce myopia progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:33:18Z","timestamp":1706833998000},"page":"321-333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The effect of multifocal contact lenses on the dynamic accommodation step response"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7942-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mubeen","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vision Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mhairi","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vision Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Seidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vision Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorraine A.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vision Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1986.tb01135.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1988.tb01068.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1989.tb00903.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"690","article-title":"Myopic children show insufficient accommodative response to blur","volume":"34","author":"Gwiazda J","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1998.97000720.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OPX.0000159363.07082.7D"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-004-0175-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2016.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5155(03)00013-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00571-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1997.97000033.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199806000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000773"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0445"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1998.00370.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","first-page":"1022","article-title":"Peripheral refraction and ocular shape in children","volume":"41","author":"Mutti DO","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"ThornF HeJC ThornSJ HeldR GwiazdaJ.The vision of myopic children: how wavefront aberrations alter the image of school book text. 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