{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T11:35:16Z","timestamp":1792150516802,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Habitual viewing behaviour is widely believed to be an important contributing factor to the onset and progression of myopia and may be task dependent. The purpose of this study was to quantify the habitual viewing distance of children performing five different tasks on a smartphone digital device.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The real\u2010time viewing distance in 38 children with their habitual correction was measured using software (MyopiaApp) on a handheld (Google Pixel 3) device. Five tasks were performed in a randomised sequence: playing a game, watching video in a light (680 lux) and dark (5.5 lux) environment and reading small (8\u2009pt) and large (16\u2009pt) text. ANCOVA statistical analysis was used to evaluate the effect of task, group (myope vs. non\u2010myope) and arm length on the median relative viewing distance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Arm length was not correlated with viewing distance in any of the tasks, and there was no significant difference in viewing distance between any of the tasks. Specifically, a two\u2010way mixed ANCOVA indicated that task, refractive group (myopic vs. non\u2010myopic), age and arm length, as well as all two\u2010way interactions were not significantly associated with viewing distance. Overall, 60% of the total variance in viewing distance was accounted for by individual differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The average handheld viewing distance was similar across a variety of everyday tasks in a representative sample of myopic and emmetropic children. Neither arm length, age nor refractive group were associated with viewing distance in any of the tasks. Importantly, myopic children of a given size did not hold the smartphone digital device at a different distance for any task than their equally sized non\u2010myopic peers. However, both groups exhibited high inter\u2010individual variability in mean viewing distance, indicating some subjects performed all tasks at further distances while other subjects used at nearer distances.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T03:22:30Z","timestamp":1708485750000},"page":"546-553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Digital device viewing behaviour in children"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1910-5578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josh","family":"Richards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Optometry  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Jaskulski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Optometry  Bloomington Indiana USA"},{"name":"VisionApp Solutions S.L.  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7010-7300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Rickert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Optometry  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9568-2064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pete","family":"Kollbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Optometry  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.303"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0260"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.53.5.300"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.13092"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2535_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12453"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"3633","article-title":"Parental myopia, near work, school achievement, and children's refractive error","volume":"43","author":"Mutti DO","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5716"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14524"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001543"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-004-0175-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2021.1971049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12735"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2020.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1912.04270090254042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1492"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","volume-title":"Notes on a dynamic theory of vision","author":"Harmon DB","year":"1958"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1965.sp007784"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.55.001154"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(96)00091-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201043408\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1946073"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","unstructured":"GilNL LiuY.System and method for preventing sight deterioration caused by near work with devices with electronic screens.2022. 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