{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:19:24Z","timestamp":1767795564005,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001673","name":"Fondation J\u00e9r\u00f4me Lejeune","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1751 (session 2018A)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1751 (session 2018A)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001673","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous research has shown that accommodation deficits are common in individuals with Down syndrome (DS), but the origin and mechanisms behind these deficits are still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of different ocular structures involved in accommodation, in particular the ciliary muscle (CM), in a population of individuals with DS to further understand this deficit and its mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty\u2010two volunteer participants of pre\u2010presbyopic age with (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200916) and without DS (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200916) were recruited. Temporal and nasal images of the CM were acquired using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS\u2010OCT) while participants fixated an eccentrically located target. Analysis of CM parameters was undertaken using validated semi\u2010automated software. Axial length, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness and corneal curvature were obtained with the Topcon Aladdin Optical Biometer and Corneal Topographer. Non\u2010cycloplegic refractive error and accommodative ability were obtained with an open\u2010field autorefractor and dynamic retinoscopy, respectively. Independent\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tests were conducted to determine differences in CM and other anterior segment parameters between participants with and without DS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No significant differences were found in the CM parameters studied between participants with and without DS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). In contrast, significant differences were found in visual acuity (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), accommodative response (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and corneal curvature (K1\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003 and K2\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) between participants with and without DS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite having poorer accommodation, pre\u2010presbyopic adults with DS do not have a different CM morphology to that found in typically developing adults. These findings suggest that the accommodative deficit found in this population is not due to a mechanical deficit of the CM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T05:54:26Z","timestamp":1708322066000},"page":"483-490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ciliary muscle and anterior segment characteristics in pre\u2010presbyopic adults with Down syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1933-5906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valldeflors","family":"Vinuela\u2010Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Visi\u00f3 Optometria i Salut\u2014Department d'\u00d2ptica i Optometria de Terrassa Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya  Terrassa, Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Center for Sensors, Instruments and Systems Development Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya  Terrassa, Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona Jane","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Vision Sciences Research Group Aston University  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7149-5077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Margaret","family":"Woodhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Sciences Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0035-8267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy L.","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Vision Sciences Research Group Aston University  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckl103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1605"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2001.079002133.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"2382","article-title":"Reduced accommodation in children with Down syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Woodhouse J","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.1996.tb00602.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318031b686"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318196cd93"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20444"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.01-0131"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5301"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.7.793"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2001.790613.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181a59d5d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12349"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6447"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12974"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5787"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2009.00701.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.6.714"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2015.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7313"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1995.9500020e.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12242"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/8.4.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2007.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2006.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Accommodation and refractive error in children with Down syndrome: cross\u2010sectional and longitudinal studies","volume":"42","author":"Cregg M","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.000791"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.13290","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:24:12Z","timestamp":1767785052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.13290"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.13290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.13290","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}