{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T16:14:02Z","timestamp":1772122442966,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study addressed the utilisation of machine learning techniques to estimate tear osmolarity, a clinically significant yet challenging parameter to measure accurately. Elevated tear osmolarity has been observed in contact lens wearers and is associated with contact lens\u2010induced dry eye, a common cause of discomfort leading to discontinuation of lens wear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study explored machine learning, regression and classification techniques to predict tear osmolarity using routine clinical parameters. The data set consisted of 175 participants, primarily healthy subjects eligible for soft contact lens wear. Various clinical assessments were performed, including symptom assessment with the Ocular Surface Disease Index and 5\u2010Item Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ\u20105), tear meniscus height (TMH), tear osmolarity, non\u2010invasive keratometric tear film break\u2010up time (NIKBUT), ocular redness, corneal and conjunctival fluorescein staining and Meibomian glands loss.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results revealed that simple linear regression was insufficient for accurate osmolarity prediction. Instead, more advanced regression models achieved a moderate level of predictive power, explaining approximately 32% of the osmolarity variability. Notably, key predictors for osmolarity included NIKBUT, TMH, ocular redness, Meibomian gland coverage and the DEQ\u20105 questionnaire. In classification tasks, distinguishing between low (&lt;299 mOsmol\/L), medium (300\u2013307 mOsmol\/L) and high osmolarity (&gt;308 mOsmol\/L) levels yielded an accuracy of approximately 80%. Key parameters for classification were similar to those in regression models, emphasising the importance of NIKBUT, TMH, ocular redness, Meibomian glands coverage and the DEQ\u20105 questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the potential benefits of integrating machine learning into contact lens research and practice. It suggests the clinical utility of assessing Meibomian glands and NIKBUT in contact lens fitting and follow\u2010up visits. Machine learning models can optimise contact lens prescriptions and aid in early detection of conditions like dry eye, ultimately enhancing ocular health and the contact lens wearing experience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T06:26:14Z","timestamp":1711347974000},"page":"727-736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Machine learning\u2010based prediction of tear osmolarity for contact lens practice"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0560-7069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela K.","family":"Garaszczuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wroclaw University of Science and Technology  Wroclaw 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