{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T03:18:09Z","timestamp":1781579889882,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Convergence insufficiency (CI) is an oculomotor abnormality characterised by exophoria and inadequate convergence when focusing on nearby objects. CI has been shown to cause symptoms when reading. However, the downstream consequences on brain structure have yet to be investigated. Here, we investigated the neural consequences of symptomatic CI, focusing on the left arcuate fasciculus, a bundle of white matter fibres which supports reading ability and has been associated with reading deficits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We compared the arcuate fasciculus microstructure of participants with symptomatic CI versus normal binocular vision (NBV). Six CI participants and seven NBV controls were included in the analysis. All participants were scanned with 3\u2009T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and anatomical and diffusion\u2010weighted images were acquired. Diffusion\u2010weighted images were processed with TRACULA to identify the arcuate fasciculus in each participant and compute volume and radial diffusivity (RD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with NBV controls, those with symptomatic CI had significantly smaller arcuate fasciculi bilaterally (left:\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22123.21,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008; right:\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22123.29,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007), and lower RD in the left (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22122.66,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02), but not the right (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.81,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.44, false discovery rate (FDR)\u2010corrected\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05) arcuate fasciculus. Those with higher levels of reading symptoms had smaller arcuate fasciculi (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.74,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004) with lower RD (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.61,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that symptomatic CI may lead to microstructural changes in the arcuate fasciculus. Since it is highly unlikely that abnormalities in the arcuate fasciculus are the cause of the neuromuscular deficits in the eyes, we argue that these changes may be a potential neuroplastic consequence of disruptions in sustained reading.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T02:59:50Z","timestamp":1711076390000},"page":"537-545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neural consequences of symptomatic convergence insufficiency: A small sample study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3290-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara S.","family":"Oechslin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas E.","family":"Widmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0486-6998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjean T.","family":"Kulp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8885-323X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicklaus","family":"Fogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Toole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0091-6302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E.","family":"Osher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"194","article-title":"Prevalence of convergence insufficiency among elementary school children","volume":"50","author":"Letourneau 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