{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:01:43Z","timestamp":1792080103210,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007816","name":"Alcon","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIT#43865373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIT#43865373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007816","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate gaze and behavioural metrics at different viewing distances with multifocal contact lenses (MFCLs), single vision contact lenses (SVCLs) and progressive addition lenses (PALs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifteen presbyopic contact lens wearers participated over five separate study visits. At each visit, participants were randomly assigned to wear one of five refractive corrections: habitual PAL spectacles, delefilcon A (Alcon Inc.) MFCLs and three separate pairs of delefilcon A single vision lenses worn as distance, intermediate and near corrections. Participants wore a Pupil Core headset to record eye and head movements while performing three visual tasks: reading, visual search and scene observation. Data were investigated using linear regression and post\u2010hoc testing. Parameters of interest included gaze (fixation duration, head movement) and behavioural (reading speed, reading accuracy, visual search time) metrics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Reading speed in SVCLs was significantly faster than in MFCLs and PAL spectacles (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200916.3,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Refractive correction worn did not influence visual search times (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.16,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.85). Fixation duration was significantly affected by the type of visual task (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200960.2,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and an interaction effect was observed between viewing distance and refractive correction (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094.3,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002). There was significantly more horizontal and vertical head movement (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093.2,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01 and\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093.3,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01, respectively) during visual search tasks when wearing PAL spectacles compared to SVCLs\u00a0or MFCLs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This work showed that the type of refractive correction affects behavioural metrics such as reading speed and gaze behaviour by affecting horizontal and vertical head movements. The findings of this study suggest that under certain conditions, wearers of MFCLs make fewer head movements compared to PAL spectacles. Gaze behaviour metrics offer a new approach to compare and understand contact lens and spectacle performance, with potential applications including peripheral optical designs for myopia management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T08:58:58Z","timestamp":1712307538000},"page":"774-786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Gaze and behavioural metrics in the refractive correction of presbyopia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5139-3594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurolens Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health The University of Manchester  Manchester 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