{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:20:39Z","timestamp":1791177639518,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010328","name":"Stichting Lijf en Leven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["36"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010328","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016063","name":"Stichting Steunfonds Uitzicht","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UZ 2016\u201025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UZ 2016\u201025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004786","name":"ODAS Stichting","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\u201004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\u201004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The improvement in visual acuity (VA) was determined during optical treatment in children with amblyopia before their participation in a randomised clinical trial comparing the effect of dichoptic video gaming using virtual reality goggles with occlusion therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children aged 4\u201312\u2009years with an interocular VA difference\u2009\u22650.20 logMAR and an amblyogenic factor: strabismus &lt;30\u0394, \u22651.00 D anisometropia, astigmatism \u22651.50 D and\/or hypermetropia \u22651.50 D were eligible for 16\u2009weeks of optical treatment. Children with previous amblyopia treatment were excluded. Compliance with spectacle wear was measured electronically over 1\u2009week using the occlusion dose monitor (ODM). The reliability of these measurements was verified. The main outcome was an increase in amblyopic eye VA from baseline to 16\u2009weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty\u2010five children entered the optical treatment period. Mean age was 6.0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.2\u2009years (range: 4\u201312\u2009years; IQR 4.5\u20136.7\u2009years). Amblyopia was caused by anisometropia in 53 (82%) children, strabismus in 6 (9%) and combined mechanism in 6 (9%). After optical treatment, mean VA improved by 0.20 logMAR (SD 0.28;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and 0.07 in the amblyopic and fellow eye, respectively (SD 0.20;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03). This resulted in 24 children (37%) with an interocular VA difference\u2009&lt;0.20 logMAR and in 17% of children with VA at the start of 0.30 logMAR or worse. Poor VA in the amblyopic eye at baseline (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) and high anisometropia (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) were associated with VA improvement. On average, spectacles were worn 9.7\u2009\u00b1\u20092.4\u2009h\/day (range: 2.3\u201313.6\u2009h); mean compliance was 73%\u2009\u00b1\u200918% of estimated wake time. Only ambient temperature\u2009\u2265\u200931\u00b0C or when spectacles were worn on top of the head prevented a reliable ODM measurement.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>VA improved by two lines resulting in more than a third of the children being treated sufficiently with spectacles alone and no longer being classified as amblyopic. The ODM proved to be a reliable method of measuring compliance with spectacle wear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T04:33:56Z","timestamp":1715920436000},"page":"945-953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effectiveness of optical treatment in amblyopia and validation of measuring spectacle compliance with the ODM"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3159-8984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aveen","family":"Kadhum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Erasmus Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6883-6136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily T. C.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Erasmus Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaroslava","family":"Wenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Goethe University  Frankfurt Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurits V.","family":"Joosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Medisch Centrum Haaglanden  Den Haag The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sjoukje E.","family":"Loudon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Erasmus Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2576117X.2020.1841710"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.3.281"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1428"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2002.00034.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.044214"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.4.437"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.01.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.06.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2015.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12437"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05193-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.79.6.585"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09273972.2012.663857"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-004-1067-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0250"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15674"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/stra.7.2.113.645"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.3793"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.13322","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:24:22Z","timestamp":1767785062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.13322"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.13322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.13322","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}