{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:17:57Z","timestamp":1767795477224,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010028","name":"University of Huddersfield","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["URN020\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URN020\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010028","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate whether colour vision normal (CVN) adults pass two Fletcher\u2013Evans (CAM) lantern tests and to investigate the impact of imposed blur on Ishihara, CAM lantern and computerised colour discrimination test (colour assessment and diagnosis test [CAD] and Cambridge colour test [CCT]) results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a pilot experiment, 20 (16 CVN and 4 colour vision deficient [CVD]) participants with normal VA were tested with the CAM lantern. In the main experiment, the impact of imposed dioptric blur (up to +8.00\u2009D) on visual acuity and the Ishihara test, CAM lantern, CAD and CCT was assessed for 15 CVN participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CVN participants can fail the CAM lantern, with specificity of 81.25% (aviation mode) and 75% (clinical mode), despite following the test requirements of participants having at least 0.18 logMAR (6\/9) in the better eye. With blur, test accuracy was affected. As expected, significant detrimental effects of blur on test results were found for logMAR VA and CAM lantern (aviation) with +1.00\u2009D or higher. Ishihara, CAD and CCT results were not detrimentally affected until +8.00\u2009D. Yellow\u2010blue discrimination was more affected by blur for the CAD than the CCT, which was not explained by the different colour spaces used or vectors tested.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>False\u2010positive findings on lantern colour vision tests with small apertures are likely to be increased in patients with blur due to uncorrected refractive error or ocular and visual pathway disease. Other colour vision tests with larger stimuli are more robust to blur.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T10:24:31Z","timestamp":1718965471000},"page":"1058-1071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of blur on clinical and occupational colour vision test results"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2065-7491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia","family":"\u00c1lvaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Psicolog\u00eda Experimental, Procesos Cognitivos y Logopedia Universidad Complutense de Madrid  Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9271-3782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika A.","family":"Formankiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, School of Psychology and Sports Science Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8899-4702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Waugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision across the Life Span, School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield  Huddersfield UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2010.01592.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30393-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30488-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107337930.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Color vision: from genes to perception","author":"Sharpe LT","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Aviation\u2010relevent epidemiology of color vision deficiency","volume":"76","author":"Delpero W","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2010.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","volume-title":"Diagnosis of defective colour vision","author":"Birch J","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209662"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523813000400"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-005-0086-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012101264-9\/50010-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000152"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi096"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","volume-title":"Drug\u2010induced ocular side effects: clinical ocular toxicology","author":"Fraunfelder FT","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-014-9911-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p070119"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p080351"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p080355"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1983.tb00574.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1985.tb00655.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000855"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.07.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2007.00469.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6545"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","volume-title":"Borish's clinical refraction","author":"Benjamin WJ","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","volume-title":"Clinical refraction","author":"Borish IM","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12387"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"The Fletcher CAM lantern colour vision test. 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