{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:31:34Z","timestamp":1791433894857,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of individualized ocular refraction customized (IORC) spectacle lenses with different actual amounts of peripheral myopic defocus (MD) on myopia control over 1\u2009year. These lenses compensate for the original peripheral refraction via the free\u2010form surface on the back of the lens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This 1\u2010year, double\u2010masked randomised clinical trial included 184 myopic schoolchildren aged 8\u201312\u2009years. Participants were randomised to receive IORC lenses with high (IORC\u2010H group, +4.50 D), medium (IORC\u2010M group, +3.50 D) or low (IORC\u2010L group, +2.50 D) MD or single\u2010vision (SV) lenses. The spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) and axial length (AL) were measured at baseline and 6\u2010monthly intervals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After 1\u2009year, the mean (SD) changes in SER were\u2009\u22120.18 (0.37), \u22120.36 (0.37), \u22120.52 (0.39) and\u2009\u22120.60 (0.42) D for the IORC\u2010H, IORC\u2010M, IORC\u2010L and SV groups, respectively. Compared with the SV group, the effects of slowing myopia progression were 70%, 40% and 13% for the IORC\u2010H (difference of 0.47 D,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), IORC\u2010M (difference of 0.32 D,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) and IORC\u2010L (difference of 0.15 D,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05) groups, respectively. The mean (SD) changes in AL were 0.12 (0.16), 0.23 (0.17), 0.29 (0.17) and 0.36 (0.17) mm for the IORC\u2010H, IORC\u2010M, IORC\u2010L and SV groups, respectively. The axial elongation was 67%, 36% and 19% lower in the IORC\u2010H (difference of 0.25\u2009mm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), IORC\u2010M (difference of 0.15\u2009mm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and IORC\u2010L (difference of 0.10\u2009mm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04) groups, respectively, compared with the SV group. The IORC\u2010H group exhibited significantly less axial elongation than the IORC\u2010M and IORC\u2010L groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with the IORC\u2010M and IORC\u2010L lenses, the IORC\u2010H lens was found to have superior efficacy in inhibiting myopic progression and slowing eye growth in schoolchildren, with better myopia control efficacy in younger children.<\/jats:p>\n                  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