{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:18:14Z","timestamp":1767795494704,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82171024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82171024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To conduct a large retrospective study of screening refractive error in young children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study included children aged from 4\u2009months to 8\u2009years in Daxing District, Beijing, who underwent refractive examinations without cycloplegia. It included a cross\u2010sectional assessment of refractive error screening for all children, and a longitudinal component for a subgroup with data available for two to five visits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 14,987 children were included in the cross\u2010sectional study. In the group &lt;1\u2009year of age, the percentage of children with a spherical equivalent (SE)\u2009&gt;+2.00 D or with cylinder &lt;\u22121.50 D was 15.25% and 33.24%, respectively. These were significantly higher than for the 1\u2010 to 4\u2010year\u2010old group (SE 8.1% higher, cylinder 13.2% higher) (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200953.57,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u2009790.39,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.001). Furthermore, 34.83% of children in the 0\u2010year\u2010old group had amblyopia risk factors (ARFs). In the 4\u2010year\u2010old group, boys had a significantly longer axial length (AL) than girls (differences in the right and left eyes were 0.53 and 0.56\u2009mm, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095.48\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001,\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095.80,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). AL increased with age, while the AL difference between boys and girls remained stable at 4\u20138\u2009years of age. The percentage of children aged 5\u20138\u2009years with myopia in 2020\u20132021 was significantly higher than that in 2018\u20132019 (\n                      <jats:italic>H\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200912.44,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.006). In the longitudinal study of 4406 children (up to 12\u2010month follow\u2010up), annual changes in SE were\u2009\u22120.27, \u22120.06, 0.19 and 0.13 D between 0 and 3\u2009years, and\u2009\u22120.38, \u22120.58, \u22120.70 and\u2009\u22120.75 D between 5 and 8\u2009years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children's refractive error varied significantly from ages 4\u2009months to 1\u2009year, with a high proportion having ARFs. Children aged 5\u20138\u2009years showed a trend towards myopia. The prevalence of myopia in the cross\u2010sectional analysis in 2020\u20132021 was greater than in 2018\u20132019. Screening refraction changed minimally over a 12\u2010month period for children aged 1\u20133\u2009years, but became more myopic for children aged 5\u20138\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T03:45:50Z","timestamp":1719200750000},"page":"1290-1300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characteristics of refractive development in children aged 4\u2009months to 8\u2009years in urban China: A retrospective screening analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0114-7277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yarong","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical College of Ophthalmology Tianjin Medical University  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Tianjin Eye Institute  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuewen","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Daxing Maternal and Child Care Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinghui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Daxing Maternal and Child Care Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1052-4222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical College of Ophthalmology Tianjin Medical University  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Tianjin Eye Institute  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Affiliated Eye Hospital Nankai University  Tianjin 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