{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:34:41Z","timestamp":1791819281506,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011378","name":"American Optometric Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022 AOA Investigator Initiated Research Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022 AOA Investigator Initiated Research Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011378","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low\u2010level light therapy (LLLT) or photobiomodulation, the application of red light to the eye, is used for the treatment of dry eye. Limited studies have investigated the efficacy of LLLT as a stand\u2010alone treatment. The investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of LLLT on signs and symptoms of dry eye.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants with mild to moderate dry eye were recruited for this three\u2010visit study. Visits were 7 (\u00b13) days apart and all participants received 633\u2009nm LLLT (eye\u2010light\u00ae) for 15\u2009min at each visit. Clinical measures including first and average non\u2010invasive keratograph tear break\u2010up time (NIKBUT), tear meniscus height (TMH), meibomian gland (MG) loss for upper and lower eyelids, ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score, tear film lipid layer thickness, meibum quality score, Schirmer's test, corneal fluorescein staining and eyelid temperature for external upper (EUL) and external lower (ELL) eyelids were measured from the right eye of participants before and after treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty participants (mean [SD] age: 31.1 [9.5] years) completed the study. Treatment with LLLT resulted in significant differences in first and average NIKBUT, TMH, tear film lipid layer thickness, OSDI score, Schirmer's test, meibum quality score and eyelid temperature over time (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Compared to baseline, TMH, tear film lipid layer thickness and eyelid temperature significantly increased by 0.06\u2009mm (95% CI: 0.01\u20130.11), 12.9\u2009nm (95% CI: 1.18\u201324.55), and 7.0\u00b0C, respectively,\u00a0for both EUL (95% CI: 6.17\u20137.84) and ELL (95% CI: 6.17\u20137.73). The respective decrease in the OSDI score and Schirmer's test was 10.2 (95% CI: \u221215.15 to \u22125.26) and 4.4\u2009mm (95% CI: \u22127.31 to \u22121.42; all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). There was no significant difference in corneal fluorescein staining and MG loss after LLLT.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low\u2010level light therapy treatment significantly improved signs and symptoms of dry eye in the early phases of treatment, suggesting its efficacy for dry eye management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]],"date-time":"2024-08-03T02:19:58Z","timestamp":1722651598000},"page":"1464-1471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effect of low\u2010level light therapy in individuals with dry eye disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5148-1615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoinette","family":"Antwi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander W.","family":"Schill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Redfern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9926-238X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric R.","family":"Ritchey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997b"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997f"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(82)34669-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307415"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2019.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.13035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S211611"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000258"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S139894"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Sun and skin","volume":"2","author":"Fitzpatrick T","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Med Esthet"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013559"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22566"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2016.2561201"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2021.1878866"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/biophy.2017.3.337"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2021.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Low\u2010level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) in skin: stimulating, healing, restoring","volume":"32","author":"Avci P","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57060619"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2023246"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S307020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S213664"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S318885"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002954"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2022.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2022.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_2834_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201007427\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00619-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2023-323920"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2012.10.074"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1991.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.5.615"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1999.00420.x-i1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5359-5_45"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Effects of low\u2010level light therapy at 740 nm on dry eye disease in\u00a0vivo","volume":"8","author":"Goo H","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Laser Eng Basic Res Clin Appl"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.09-027.Hamblin"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.11-009.Hamblin"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thermal effect on eyelid and tear film after low\u2010level light therapy and warm compress","volume":"107","author":"Antwi A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8pp00176f"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers (ANSI Z136.1).The Laser Institute of America.2014ANSI Z136.1\u20132014.","DOI":"10.1364\/FIO.2014.FW1F.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","unstructured":"American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers (ANSI Z136.1).The Laser Institute of America.2022ANSI Z136.1\u20132022."}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.13371","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:24:02Z","timestamp":1767785042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.13371"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.13371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.13371","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}