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A total of 14,593 data points from 6208 participants aged 6\u201316\u2009years with spherical equivalent from +6 to \u22126\u2009D were analysed. Progression was annualised from longitudinal axial length and cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) refraction. Generalised estimating equation models including main effects and interactions were used for model building. Age and region\u2010specific estimates for myopes and non\u2010myopes and confidence intervals are reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Factors affecting axial elongation and SE progression in children included being myopic, followed by age, region\/ethnicity and sex. The magnitude of regional\/ethnic differences was dependent on myopia and age. Axial elongation and SE progression were lower in European compared with East Asian children, but differences were reduced with increasing age and differences in axial elongation were larger in myopes than non\u2010myopes. Age\u2010specific regional\/ethnic differences indicated that axial elongation for a 6\u2010year\u2010old East Asian myopic child was greater than a European child by 0.15\u2009mm\/year (0.58 vs. 0.43\u2009mm\/year) and by 0.09\u2009mm\/year (0.35 vs. 0.26\u2009mm\/year) for a 10\u2010year\u2010old myope. SE progression was lower in a 6\u2010year\u2010old European myope by 0.48\u2009D\/year and at 10\u2009years of age by 0.34\u2009D\/year compared with an East Asian myope.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are regional\/ethnic differences in age\u2010specific refractive and axial growth patterns in both myopic and non\u2010myopic eyes, with more marked differences in younger East Asian children who demonstrated a higher axial growth and greater negative SE shift than their non\u2010Asian peers. Regional\/ethnic differences in progression reflect environmental and ethnic variations. Age and region\/ethnicity\u2010specific estimates could contribute as a reference for future comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T05:35:27Z","timestamp":1728279327000},"page":"135-151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Regional\/ethnic differences in ocular axial elongation and refractive error progression in myopic and non\u2010myopic children"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8813-2048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Naduvilath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brien Holden Vision Institute (BHVI)  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8938-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Centre, Shanghai Eye Hospital Shanghai Vision Health Centre and Shanghai Children Myopia Institute  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9289-5731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ulster University  Coleraine Northern Ireland UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9970-3237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pelsin","family":"Demir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Optometry Linnaeus University  Kalmar Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5562-9055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Leighton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ulster University  Coleraine Northern Ireland UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4438-1154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"McCullough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ulster University  Coleraine Northern Ireland UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3195-4513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huy","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"},{"name":"Hai Yen Eye Care  Ho Chi Minh City 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