{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:08:00Z","timestamp":1791335280472,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["956720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["956720"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During refractive development, eye growth is controlled by a combination of genetically pre\u2010programmed processes and retinal feedback to minimise the refractive error. This work presents a basic differential model of how this process may take place.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The description starts from two bi\u2010exponential descriptions of the axial power\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ax<\/jats:sub>\n                      (or dioptric distance) and total refractive power\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>eye<\/jats:sub>\n                      , the difference between which corresponds with the spherical refractive error\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . This description is rewritten as an ordinary differential equation and supplemented by a retinal feedback function that combines retinal blur (closed loop) with a term describing excessive axial growth (open loop). This model is controlled by a total of 18 parameters that allow for a wide variety of developmental behaviours.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed model reproduces refractive development growth curves found in the literature for both healthy and myopic eyes. An early onset of myopisation, a large growth term and a high minimum for the crystalline lens power all lead to higher degrees of myopia. Assigning more importance to the feedback than to the pre\u2010programmed growth makes the model more sensitive to myopogenic influences. Applying refractive corrections to the model, undercorrection is found to produce more myopia. The model compensates for a low\u2010powered imposed lens and can return to (near) emmetropia if that imposed lens is removed quickly thereafter. Finally, simulating the effect of a diffuser leads to high myopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a series of basic assumptions, the proposed model recreates many well\u2010known experimental and clinical results about refractive development from the literature while placing them in a standardised context. This contributes to a broader understanding of the origins of refractive errors, and future versions may help in the development of solutions for myopia control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T06:19:39Z","timestamp":1730873979000},"page":"120-134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Refractive development II: Modelling normal and myopic eye growth"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8124-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos J.","family":"Rozema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Optics Lab Antwerp (VOLANTIS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Antwerp University  Wilrijk Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Antwerp University Hospital  Edegem Belgium"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE) Leipzig University  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0990-7800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arezoo","family":"Farzanfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Optics Lab Antwerp (VOLANTIS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Antwerp University  Wilrijk Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2023.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13094"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"337","article-title":"Emmetropization and the progression of manifest refraction in children followed from infancy to puberty","volume":"8","author":"Gwiazda J","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"130","article-title":"\u00dcber die atiologie der brechungsanomalien des auges und den ursprung der emmetropie. von graefes","volume":"70","author":"Straub M","year":"1909","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2009.01800.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.276"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.5.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140419"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.150979"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000474"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8652"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001296"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9637"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1997.97000033.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050060045020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25967"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12312"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00234-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800002327"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25958"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00258-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1995.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199710000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/isbn.978-3-318-00846-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"El origen de las ametrop\u00edas:\u00bf Qu\u00e9 es ametrop\u00eda?","volume":"112","author":"Medina PA","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gaceta \u00d3pt"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(82)90292-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000309750"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(93)90054-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.5.002080"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(88)90113-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00087-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1991.tb00544.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1980.326752"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198506000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1999.00436.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.19.1.41.5343"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bulm.2000.0199"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182418213"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26247"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo\u20102023\u2010324882"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.24.7.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20506"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1825.0026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25965"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1992.tb00315.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0895-761"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(87)90027-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5457"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12218"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161535"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(91)90011-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2024.108402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0562"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014758.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.25995"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2016.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011608"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12960"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12943"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","first-page":"435","article-title":"Peripheral blur may provide the eye with a cue for the sign of defocus","volume":"43","author":"Zheleznyak L","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.21.5.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201026323\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2021.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.11.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2020.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","first-page":"690","article-title":"Myopic children show insufficient accommodative response to blur","volume":"34","author":"Gwiazda J","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0888"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000867"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.21.3.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12938"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12075"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Encephalopsin (OPN3) is required for normal refractive development and the GO\/GROW response to induced myopia","volume":"29","author":"Linne C","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Vis"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.13412","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:24:30Z","timestamp":1767785070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.13412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.13412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.13412","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}