{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T02:23:54Z","timestamp":1784773434335,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R41\u2010EY030829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R41\u2010EY030829"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R44\u2010EY030829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R44\u2010EY030829"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Visual acuity (VA) is a primary outcome measure that defines the success of clinical interventions for retinal diseases such as age\u2010related macular degeneration (AMD) or diabetic macular oedema (DME). These conditions can lead to the presence of subretinal fluid, causing substantial photoreceptor layer elevation. Hyperopic defocus then occurs, affecting the VA measurements. In this study, we simulated the induced hyperopic shift for real\u2010world values of photoreceptor layer elevation and measured the effect on VA measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To simulate the hyperopic shift, we used a four\u2010surface eye model. To measure the effect of defocus on VA, normally sighted adults (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200944, mean [SD] age\u2009=\u200932 [13.0] year, range: 21\u201371\u2009year) performed four test conditions, that is, defocus of 0.00, +0.75, +1.50 and +2.25 D. For each subject, mean VA and SD obtained from a cumulative normal fit to the VA data provided the coefficient of variation (CV) and 95% confidence interval (CI).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Refractive error induced by photoreceptor layer elevation was maximum for hyperopic error conditions, followed by emmetropic and myopic refractive error conditions. The 76% threshold VA worsened with increasing defocus conditions. The 95% CI was significantly larger for +0.75, +1.50 and +2.25 D defocus compared to no defocus (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04, 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). The CI for the +2.25 D defocus condition was larger (3\u201310 letters) compared with no defocus (3\u20136 letters).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Photoreceptor layer elevation causes a hyperopic shift sufficient for clinically meaningful changes: worse VA and more variable measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T06:30:32Z","timestamp":1735194632000},"page":"480-493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Photoreceptor layer elevation due to subretinal fluid: Impact on visual acuity measurements and simulation from biometrics"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Vamsi","family":"Parimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9040-9672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann E.","family":"Elsner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"},{"name":"Aeon Imaging, LLC  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel A.","family":"Papay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"},{"name":"Aeon Imaging, LLC  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Centre  Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Gast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"},{"name":"Aeon Imaging, LLC  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S52482"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.4401"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01624-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12670"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100906"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00010-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14298"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201018158\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02505-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-9162"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26478"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-0803-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001363"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-5064"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12578"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/JOCO.JOCO_35_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-010-1587-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/096120300680199024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.9.1287"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.6.812"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102673"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","volume-title":"Physiological optics","author":"LeGrand Y","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.502340"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","volume-title":"Recommended standard procedures for the clinical measurement and specification of visual acuity","author":"National Research Council","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"S14","article-title":"What's new in Psychtoolbox\u20103?","volume":"36","author":"Kleiner M","year":"2007","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01825-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.5790"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00857.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199108000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.2350"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181c2e0d6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-1100-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04675-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2022.101160"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22339"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20356"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1132"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth\u20102022\u2010001214"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.11.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12789"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.79.6.765"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701366"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.176"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.10.1097"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-02998-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2018.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-315933"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.13422","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:24:53Z","timestamp":1767785093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.13422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.13422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.13422","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}