{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T21:37:31Z","timestamp":1773869851167,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N013166\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N013166\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether imaging features derived from fundus photographs contain 3D eye shape information beyond that available from spherical equivalent refraction (SER).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed 99 eyes of 68 normal adults in the UK Biobank. An ellipsoid was fitted to the entire volume of each posterior eye (vitreous chamber without the lens)\u2014segmented from magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Asphericity was computed based on the semidiameters of the ellipsoid's axes to describe posterior eye shape along the horizontal (temporal\u2013nasal) and vertical (superior\u2013inferior) meridians, while volume was calculated as the total number of foreground voxels. Mixed\u2010effects linear regression models were used to test the association of SER with asphericity and volume, controlling for age and sex. Then, the association between various fundus features and asphericity was tested\u2014both before and after controlling for SER, age and sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Posterior eyes were generally oblate (asphericity &gt;\u20090), but the degree of oblateness reduced as SER decreased, with the shape tending towards prolateness in high myopia. Neither sex nor age influenced asphericity. However, males had larger posterior eyes on average (this difference disappeared after height was additionally controlled for). Optic disc (OD) orientation, OD\u2010fovea angle, vessel tortuosity, vessel fractal dimension and central retinal arteriolar or venular equivalent (CRAE or CRVE) showed significant univariable associations with asphericity along at least one meridian. After controlling for SER, age and sex, a more negative OD\u2010fovea angle (larger OD\u2010fovea angular separation) remained significantly associated with reduced horizontal oblateness (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01). Similarly, decreasing CRAE (narrower arterioles) remained significantly associated with reduced oblateness along both the horizontal (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04) and vertical (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) meridians.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Variations in OD\u2010fovea angle and CRAE are associated with differences in ocular asphericity\u2014even in eyes with similar SER\u2014suggesting that fundus imaging provides eye shape information beyond what is available from refractive error alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T02:38:59Z","timestamp":1737772739000},"page":"958-968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Can fundus features tell us something about 3D eye shape?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4730-7363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Yii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert O Curle Ophthalmology Suite, Institute for Regeneration and Repair The University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences The University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niall C.","family":"Strang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vision Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Gibbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert O Curle Ophthalmology Suite, Institute for Regeneration and Repair The University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences The University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom J.","family":"MacGillivray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert O Curle Ophthalmology Suite, Institute for Regeneration and Repair The University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences The University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2004.00831.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0292"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7269"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1506"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.15.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10713"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12920"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000905"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5601"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.5.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25967"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4826"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17200"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12057"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.10.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9426"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.5.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102018\u2010025077"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4393"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","unstructured":"UK Biobank.First Occurrence of Health Outcomes Defined by 3\u2010character ICD10 code.2019. 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Medical image computing and computer assisted intervention\u2014MICCAI 2023 Workshops","author":"Yii F","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.13.5.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.6.643"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.1.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2019.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.817882"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746\u2010023\u201000752\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13195"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000505"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","unstructured":"UK Biobank.Optical coherence tomography scan and retinal imaging.2011. 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Available from:https:\/\/biobank.ndph.ox.ac.uk\/showcase\/ukb\/docs\/Opticalcoherencetomography.pdf"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.13454","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:25:04Z","timestamp":1767785104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.13454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.13454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.13454","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}