{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T13:01:26Z","timestamp":1782738086453,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scotland has comprehensive child vision screening at age 3.5\u20135.5\u2009years of age, with ~85% participation (40,000\u201350,000 screening episodes annually). Orthoptists deliver the screening, including presenting vision, cover test and other tests. Screening failures are referred for eye examinations, including cycloplegic refraction. The study aims to report refractive error data from these examinations (~5000\u20136000 annually) for 3\u2009years before and 2\u2009years following the COVID\u201019 pandemic, and to investigate correlations between myopia and socio\u2010economic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Right eye data from eight Scottish health boards (HB) are reported for spherical equivalent refraction (SER) for the years 2013\u201314, 2014\u201315, 2015\u201316, 2020\u201321 and 2021\u201322. Associations were investigated between the proportion of the sample in each HB with myopia and the proportion of the population in each HB with different levels of deprivation index, classification on a rural\/urban continuum and dwelling type.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Refractive error frequency distributions revealed a myopic shift in SER over the 5\u2009years. Median SER (interquartile range) in 2013\u201314, 2014\u201315, 2015\u201316, 2020\u201321 and 2021\u201322 was +1.38 D (+0.50 to +2.75), +1.38 D (+0.25 to +2.63), +1.38 D (+0.50 to +2.75), +1.13 D (+0.25 to +2.25) and\u2009+1.25 D (+0.38 to +2.25), respectively. The increase in myopia was statistically significant in each of the last 2\u2009years compared with each of the first 3\u2009years (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0005). The proportion of myopes (\u2264\u22120.50 D) increased from &lt;7.8% annually in 2013\u201316 to 11.51% in 2020\u201321 and 10.65% in 2021\u201322 (linear trend:\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.94,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006). Associations between the proportion of children in each HB with myopia and: (1) deprivation index was low and not statistically significant; (2) the proportion of the population in the most urban environments was high (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.79;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003); (3) the proportion of dwellings that were flats\/apartments was also high (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.83,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this predominantly Caucasian population, the proportion of children with myopia has increased post\u2010COVID. A strong association exists between myopia and living in flats\/apartments and urbanicity, but not with a deprivation index.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T09:35:27Z","timestamp":1741685727000},"page":"834-844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Increasing myopia in Scotland at age of 3.5\u20135.5\u2009years: A retrospective epidemiological study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2824-4595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce J. 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W.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Sciences City St George's, University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9004-264X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David F.","family":"Edgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Sciences City St George's, University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6134-0936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakhee","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Sciences City St George's, University of London  London UK"},{"name":"Hoya Vision Care  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5016-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam 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