{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T22:43:30Z","timestamp":1790203410207,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early detection of myopia is essential to delay its onset and progression. Pre\u2010myopia, defined by an inadequate hyperopic reserve, increases myopia risk in childhood. However, effective screening methods remain limited. This study aimed to develop practical non\u2010cycloplegic screening methods for pre\u2010myopia and myopia in 6\u2010 to 7\u2010year\u2010olds to support earlier interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study of 621 Irish schoolchildren (mean age: 7.12\u2009\u00b1\u20090.45\u2009years; 51.8% boys) assessed uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA). Cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) classified refractive status (myopia: SER\u2009\u2264\u2009\u22120.50D; pre\u2010myopia: SER\u2009&gt;\u2009\u22120.50\u2009\u2264\u20090.75D). Pre\u2010 and post\u2010cycloplegic SER were measured using the Welch Allyn Spot Vision Screener and Dong\u2010Yang Rekto\u2010ORK 11, respectively. Axial length (AL) and corneal radius (CR) were measured with the Zeiss IOLMaster and parental myopia history via questionnaire. Logistic regression and ROC curves evaluated non\u2010cycloplegic screening methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pre\u2010myopia prevalence was 24.3% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 29.3\u201336.2), and myopia prevalence was 3.3% (CI: 2.5\u20135.5). UDVA screening had an area under the curve (AUC) (CI)\u2009=\u20090.72 (0.59\u20130.86) and 0.42 (0.36\u20130.47) for detecting myopia and pre\u2010myopia, respectively. For pre\u2010myopia discrimination, non\u2010cycloplegic SER, AL, AL\/CR and parental myopia had AUCs of 0.67 (0.62\u20130.72), 0.67 (0.62\u20130.72), 0.69 (0.64\u20130.74) and 0.59 (0.53\u20130.64), respectively. The best method combined non\u2010cycloplegic SER and AL\/CR (AUC\u2009=\u20090.72 (0.67\u20130.76)). Including UDVA or parental myopia did not improve results.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>For myopia detection, AUCs were non\u2010cycloplegic SER:0.84 (0.72\u20130.97), AL:0.88 (0.82\u20130.95), AL\/CR:0.84 (0.75\u20130.94) and parental myopia:0.62 (0.48\u20130.75). The best method combined AL and non\u2010cycloplegic SER 0.94 (0.90\u20130.99). Adding parental myopia did not improve the AUC\u2009=\u20090.93 (0.87\u20130.99) but adding UDVA achieved an AUC\u2009=\u20090.95 (0.90\u20130.99).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While UDVA alone provided acceptable discrimination for myopia, it was insufficient for screening pre\u2010myopia. Non\u2010cycloplegic SER alone had relatively poor discrimination for pre\u2010myopia, but its performance improved when combined with the AL\/CR ratio. The best results for myopia discrimination were achieved by combining non\u2010cycloplegic SER, axial length and UDVA measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T10:19:36Z","timestamp":1747217976000},"page":"1080-1089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Optimising non\u2010cycloplegic screening strategies for early detection of pre\u2010myopia and myopia in young children"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2667-1796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edofra","family":"Harrington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Clinical &amp; Optometric Sciences Technological University Dublin  Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Sustainability &amp; Health Research Centre Technological University Dublin, City Campus  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3919-444X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Clinical &amp; Optometric Sciences Technological University Dublin  Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Sustainability &amp; Health Research Centre Technological University Dublin, City Campus  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3130-8991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Loughman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Clinical &amp; Optometric Sciences Technological University Dublin  Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Sustainability &amp; Health Research Centre Technological University Dublin, City Campus  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Flitcroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Sustainability &amp; Health Research Centre Technological University Dublin, City Campus  Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Mater Misericordiae Hospital  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"O'Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Clinical &amp; Optometric Sciences Technological University Dublin  Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Sustainability &amp; Health Research Centre Technological University Dublin, City Campus  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000234"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Updates on myopia","author":"Chia A","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02723-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.04.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.24162"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572\u2010020\u201000231\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04144"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000487"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1414287"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886\u2010021\u201002045\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201072240\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26247"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0562"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2014.906627"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0969141315572403"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","volume-title":"Best health for children revisted best health for children revisited: report from the National Core Child Health Programme Review Group to the Health Service Executive","author":"Health Service Executive","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Vision screening in New Zealand: an audit of the B4 school check","volume":"132","author":"Muller W","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Zeal Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13421"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13569"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12388"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta12250"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312573"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2014.07.176"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.167965"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OPX.0000159358.71125.95"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00455-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12113"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.6.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2023.2202306"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13195"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-325427"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2024.175"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-318918"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14942"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","unstructured":"MarcosS.Optical and visual diet in myopia. 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