{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:19:00Z","timestamp":1787015940394,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic hyperopic defocus from inadequate accommodation during near tasks may be associated with axial eye growth. This study examined accommodative behaviour and retinal defocus in myopic and emmetropic children after 1\u2009h of continuous electronic device use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty\u2010four children (17 per group, aged 7\u201317) participated, including myopes wearing dual\u2010focus (DF) myopia control contact lenses (MiSight 1\u2010day) and uncorrected emmetropes. In phase one, on\u2010axis aberrometry data were collected at distances from 4.00 to 0.20\u2009m, corresponding to target vergences from \u22120.25 to \u22125.00 D. In phase two, measurements were taken every 10\u2009mins, as children watched a movie at 0.20\u2009m for 60\u2009min. Local refractive state measures were calculated from aberrometry measures and pooled within pupil areas corresponding to DF lens central and treatment zones. Retinal defocus was calculated by subtracting target vergence from the measured refractive state. Linear mixed\u2010effects models analysed group, target vergence and time effects on defocus, adjusting for pupil diameter.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Myopes with DF lenses showed greater hyperopic defocus (+0.58 D,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) than uncorrected emmetropes during on\u2010axis viewing. Hyperopic defocus increased significantly over time in both groups with near viewing (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Myopic defocus induced by DF lenses was still present but decreased following 50 and 60\u2009min of near viewing (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.05 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Periods of sustained near viewing of up to 1\u2009h increased hyperopic defocus in both groups. However, DF contact lenses still introduced myopic defocus in myopic subjects throughout this time, supporting their potential to slow axial eye growth during periods of sustained near viewing. Further work will be helpful to understand how the sustained near viewing model and associated results of the current work relate to the real\u2010world environment, which may include potential breaks and\/or longer total near viewing durations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T02:00:15Z","timestamp":1748484015000},"page":"1456-1467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Accommodative behaviour and retinal defocus of children during prolonged viewing of electronic devices while wearing dual\u2010focus myopia control soft contact lenses"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3424-3492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neeraj K.","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9568-2064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pete","family":"Kollbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8343"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"785","article-title":"Myopia and educational attainment in 421,116 young Singaporean males","volume":"21","author":"Tay MT","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.5.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010875"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134514"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001344"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12657"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"3633","article-title":"Parental myopia, near work, school achievement, and children's refractive error","volume":"43","author":"Mutti DO","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"690","article-title":"Myopic children show insufficient accommodative response to blur","volume":"34","author":"Gwiazda J","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0888"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12903"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00229-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpeds.2023.100080"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001591"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","unstructured":"Media CS.The common sense census: Media Use by Kids Age Zero to Eight.2020[cited 2025 Jan 29]. 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