{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T14:41:08Z","timestamp":1792766468340,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008750","name":"Shanghai Municipal Hospital Development Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SHDC2022CRD015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC2022CRD015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008750","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2702100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2702100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2702104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2702104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFC0840607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC0840607"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018625","name":"Science and Technology Innovation Plan Of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21S31900800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21S31900800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018625","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine age\u2010specific axial growth rate in emmetropic eyes and investigate the effect of sex and region\/ethnicity using population\u2010based data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis of five population\u2010based studies conducted in the United Kingdom, Sweden and China. A total of 16,526 datapoints from 6753 participants, aged 6\u201316.9\u2009years, with spherical equivalents (SE) from \u22120.49 to +1 D were analysed. Axial length was modelled using a Generalised Estimating Equation with region\/ethnicity and sex included as fixed factors and age, SE and corneal radius of curvature as covariates. Model\u2010based estimates of axial length were used to derive age\u2010specific axial growth rates, maintaining SE at 0.00 D and constant corneal radius of curvature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Within this emmetropic population, axial length was weakly correlated with SE (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.24) but strongly associated with corneal curvature (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.76). Gender, region\/ethnicity, SE, corneal curvature and inverse function of age were associated with axial length of emmetropic eyes. Axial length was longer in males than females by 0.55\u2009mm (95% CI: 0.53\u20130.56\u2009mm) in East\u2010Asian emmetropic eyes and by 0.50\u2009mm (95% CI: 0.49\u20130.52\u2009mm) in European eyes; however, axial growth rate was marginally greater in males by 7%. Axial length of East\u2010Asian eyes was significantly greater than Europeans by 0.14\u2009mm (95% CI: 0.12\u20130.16\u2009mm) in males and 0.12\u2009mm (95% CI: 0.11\u20130.14\u2009mm) in females, but axial growth rate was not significantly different between regions\/ethnicities (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.06). Axial growth rate decreased non\u2010linearly from 0.17 to 0.03\u2009mm\/year in males and 0.16 to 0.02\u2009mm\/year in females between 6 and 16\u2009years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emmetropic axial growth rate between 6 and 16\u2009years is non\u2010uniform with greater growth rate at younger ages and in males. Growth rates estimated by maintaining constant SE and corneal curvature are lower or similar to previous estimates and may be used to set goals for myopia treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T08:28:11Z","timestamp":1750062491000},"page":"1485-1495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Age, gender and regional\/ethnic variations in emmetropic axial growth rate"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8813-2048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Naduvilath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brien Holden Vision Institute (BHVI)  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of New South Wales  Sydney New\u00a0South Wales 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Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5562-9055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Leighton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Optometry and Vision Science Ulster University  Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4438-1154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"McCullough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Optometry and Vision Science Ulster University  Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3745-0035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karthikeyan","family":"Baskaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Optometry Linnaeus University  Kalmar 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