{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:21:36Z","timestamp":1767795696158,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["956720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["956720"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018848","name":"Department of Higher Education and Training","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The accuracy of ocular refraction calculations depends on reliable biometry and the validity of the models upon which the calculations are based. Most models are based on European eyes, so their validity in sub\u2010Saharan Africans may be questioned, potentially contributing to suboptimal postoperative outcomes. Hence, this study developed an optical eye model tailored to a Zulu cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ocular biometry data were collected from 192 near\u2010emmetropic (i.e., non\u2010cycloplegic spherical equivalent within \u00b11D) young individuals of Zulu descent in Durban, South Africa. Key biometric parameters, including axial length, corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, crystalline lens thickness and vitreous chamber depth, were measured and input into Bennett's and Royston's equations to develop the eye model. This model was subsequently compared to the eyes of 32 near\u2010emmetropic young European adults that were used previously to help develop the SyntEyes model. Statistical analysis was performed to identify significant differences in ocular structural parameters between the models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Zulu eyes exhibited marked differences compared to European eyes. On average, Zulu eyes had deeper anterior chambers (+0.28\u2009mm,\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), thinner crystalline lenses (\u22120.19\u2009mm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and lower corneal power (\u22120.83 D,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). However, the total ocular power of Zulu eyes was greater due to a more powerful crystalline lens (+2.60 D,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). No significant difference in refractive error or axial length was observed between the two populations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ocular biometry of the Zulu population differs significantly from that of the European population, particularly in corneal and crystalline lens power, lens thickness and anterior chamber depth. This has important implications for intraocular lens power calculations, glaucoma risk assessment and other diagnostic procedures. Accurate, population\u2010specific references are essential for optimising vision correction and enhancing ophthalmic healthcare outcomes in regions with populations underrepresented in the literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.70000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T11:18:33Z","timestamp":1754651913000},"page":"1829-1836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Zulu ocular biometry differs fundamentally from that of Europeans \u2013 A modelling analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9413-838X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Lockett\u2010Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INMA\u2010CSIC and Universidad de Zaragoza  Zaragoza Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8307-2912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanya","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1328-1716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INMA\u2010CSIC and Universidad de Zaragoza  Zaragoza Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khathutshelo Percy","family":"Mashige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal  Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8124-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos J.","family":"Rozema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Optics Lab Antwerp (VOLANTIS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Antwerp  Wilrijk Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Antwerp University Hospital  Edegem Belgium"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE) Leipzig University  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Central corneal thickness of Caucasians and African Americans in glaucomatous and nonglaucomatous populations","volume":"119","author":"La Rosa FA","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch 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